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DBMS > Google Cloud Spanner vs. LevelDB vs. LMDB vs. XTDB

System Properties Comparison Google Cloud Spanner vs. LevelDB vs. LMDB vs. XTDB

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameGoogle Cloud Spanner  Xexclude from comparisonLevelDB  Xexclude from comparisonLMDB  Xexclude from comparisonXTDB infoformerly named Crux  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionA horizontally scalable, globally consistent, relational database service. It is the externalization of the core Google database that runs the biggest aspects of Google, like Ads and Google Play.Embeddable fast key-value storage library that provides an ordered mapping from string keys to string valuesA high performant, light-weight, embedded key-value database libraryA general purpose database with bitemporal SQL and Datalog and graph queries
Primary database modelRelational DBMSKey-value storeKey-value storeDocument store
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score2.89
Rank#103  Overall
#52  Relational DBMS
Score2.35
Rank#111  Overall
#19  Key-value stores
Score1.99
Rank#125  Overall
#21  Key-value stores
Score0.11
Rank#343  Overall
#46  Document stores
Websitecloud.google.com/­spannergithub.com/­google/­leveldbwww.symas.com/­symas-embedded-database-lmdbgithub.com/­xtdb/­xtdb
www.xtdb.com
Technical documentationcloud.google.com/­spanner/­docsgithub.com/­google/­leveldb/­blob/­main/­doc/­index.mdwww.lmdb.tech/­docwww.xtdb.com/­docs
DeveloperGoogleGoogleSymasJuxt Ltd.
Initial release2017201120112019
Current release1.23, February 20210.9.32, January 20241.19, September 2021
License infoCommercial or Open SourcecommercialOpen Source infoBSDOpen SourceOpen Source infoMIT License
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud serviceyesnonono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageC++CClojure
Server operating systemshostedIllumos
Linux
OS X
Windows
Linux
Unix
Windows
All OS with a Java 8 (and higher) VM
Linux
Data schemeyesschema-freeschema-freeschema-free
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesnoyes, extensible-data-notation format
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nononono
Secondary indexesyesnonoyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLyes infoQuery statements complying to ANSI 2011nonolimited SQL, making use of Apache Calcite
APIs and other access methodsgRPC (using protocol buffers) API
JDBC infoAt present, JDBC supports read-only queries. No support for DDL or DML statements.
RESTful HTTP API
HTTP REST
JDBC
Supported programming languagesGo
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
C++
Go
Java info3rd party binding
JavaScript (Node.js) info3rd party binding
Python info3rd party binding
.Net
C
C++
Clojure
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Lisp
Lua
MatLab
Nim
Objective C
OCaml
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Rust
Swift
Tcl
Clojure
Java
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnononono
Triggersnononono
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingnonenonenone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesMulti-source replication with 3 replicas for regional instances.nonenoneyes, each node contains all data
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyes infousing Google Cloud Dataflownonono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyes infoby using interleaved tables, this features focuses more on performance improvements than on referential integritynonono
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACID infoStrict serializable isolationnoACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyes infowith automatic compression on writesyesyes, flexibel persistency by using storage technologies like Apache Kafka, RocksDB or LMDB
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyes
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)nono

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More resources
Google Cloud SpannerLevelDBLMDBXTDB infoformerly named Crux
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