DBMS > Google Cloud Bigtable vs. HEAVY.AI vs. Lovefield vs. Virtuoso vs. XTDB

System Properties Comparison Google Cloud Bigtable vs. HEAVY.AI vs. Lovefield vs. Virtuoso vs. XTDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Google's NoSQL Big Data database service. It's the same database that powers many core Google services, including Search, Analytics, Maps, and Gmail.

A high performance, column-oriented RDBMS, specifically developed to harness the massive parallelism of modern CPU and GPU hardware

Embeddable relational database for web apps written in pure JavaScript

Virtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphs

A general purpose database with bitemporal SQL and Datalog and graph queries

Primary database model

Key-value store
Wide column store

Relational DBMS

Document store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine

Document store

Secondary database models

Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	3.26
Rank	#92	Overall
	#13	Key-value stores
	#8	Wide column stores

Score	1.77
Rank	#141	Overall
	#65	Relational DBMS

Score	0.29
Rank	#293	Overall
	#133	Relational DBMS

Score	4.26
Rank	#78	Overall
	#13	Document stores
	#4	Graph DBMS
	#2	Native XML DBMS
	#42	Relational DBMS
	#2	RDF stores
	#9	Search engines

Score	0.11
Rank	#343	Overall
	#46	Document stores

Website

cloud.google.com/bigtable

github.com/heavyai/heavydb
www.heavy.ai

google.github.io/lovefield

virtuoso.openlinksw.com

github.com/xtdb/xtdb
www.xtdb.com

Technical documentation

cloud.google.com/bigtable/docs

docs.heavy.ai

github.com/google/lovefield/blob/master/docs/spec_index.md

docs.openlinksw.com/virtuoso

www.xtdb.com/docs

Developer

Google

HEAVY.AI, Inc.

Google

OpenLink Software

Juxt Ltd.

Initial release

2015

2016

2014

1998

2019

Current release

5.10, January 2022

2.1.12, February 2017

7.2.11, September 2023

1.19, September 2021

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

Open Source

Apache Version 2; enterprise edition available

Open Source

Apache 2.0

Open Source

GPLv2, extended commercial license available

Open Source

MIT License

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++ and CUDA

JavaScript

Clojure

Server operating systems

hosted

Linux

server-less, requires a JavaScript environment (browser, Node.js)

tested with Chrome, Firefox, IE, Safari

AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows

All OS with a Java 8 (and higher) VM
Linux

Data scheme

schema-free

yes

SQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type

schema-free

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

yes, extensible-data-notation format

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

SQL-like query language

via JavaScript builder pattern

yes

SQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLX

limited SQL, making use of Apache Calcite

APIs and other access methods

gRPC (using protocol buffers) API
HappyBase (Python library)
HBase compatible API (Java)

JDBC
ODBC
Thrift
Vega

ADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT

HTTP REST
JDBC

Supported programming languages

C#
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python

All languages supporting JDBC/ODBC/Thrift
Python

JavaScript

.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic

Clojure
Java

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

Virtuoso PL

Triggers

Using read-only observers

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

Round robin

none

yes

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Internal replication in Colossus, and regional replication between two clusters in different zones

Multi-source replication

none

Chain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication

yes, each node contains all data

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

yes

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate consistency (for a single cluster), Eventual consistency (for two or more replicated clusters)

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

Atomic single-row operations

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

yes, by using IndexedDB or the cloud service Firebase Realtime Database

yes

yes, flexibel persistency by using storage technologies like Apache Kafka, RocksDB or LMDB

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

using MemoryDB

yes

User concepts

Access control

Access rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

Fine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)

More information provided by the system vendor

Specific characteristics

Virtuoso is a modern multi-model RDBMS for managing data represented as tabular relations...
» more

Competitive advantages

Performance & Scale — as exemplified by DBpedia and the LOD Cloud it spawned, i.e.,...
» more

Typical application scenarios

Used for — Analytics/BI Conceptual Data Virtualization Enterprise Knowledge Graphs...
» more

Key customers

Broad use across enterprises and governments including — European Union (EU) US Government...
» more

Market metrics

Largest installed-base of Multi-Model RDBMS for AI-friendly Knowledge Graphs Platform...
» more

Licensing and pricing models

Available in both Commercial Enterprise and Open Source (GPL v2) Editions Feature...
» more

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and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.

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