DBMS > FoundationDB vs. LMDB vs. Stardog vs. ToroDB

System Properties Comparison FoundationDB vs. LMDB vs. Stardog vs. ToroDB

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Created as commercial project in 2013, FoundationDB has been acquired by Apple in March 2015 and was withdrawn from the market. As a consequence, the product was removed from the DB-Engines ranking. In April 2018, Apple open-sourced FoundationDB and it therefore reappears in the ranking.

ToroDB seems to be discontinued. Therefore it is excluded from the DB-Engines Ranking.

Description

Ordered key-value store. Core features are complimented by layers.

A high performant, light-weight, embedded key-value database library

Enterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualization

A MongoDB-compatible JSON document store, built on top of PostgreSQL

Primary database model

Document store

supported via specific layer
Key-value store
Relational DBMS

supported via specific SQL-layer

Key-value store

Graph DBMS
RDF store

Document store

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	1.06
Rank	#185	Overall
	#31	Document stores
	#28	Key-value stores
	#85	Relational DBMS

Score	2.09
Rank	#121	Overall
	#20	Key-value stores

Score	2.07
Rank	#122	Overall
	#11	Graph DBMS
	#6	RDF stores

Website

github.com/apple/foundationdb

www.symas.com/symas-embedded-database-lmdb

www.stardog.com

github.com/torodb/server

Technical documentation

apple.github.io/foundationdb

www.lmdb.tech/doc

docs.stardog.com

Developer

FoundationDB

Symas

Stardog-Union

8Kdata

Initial release

2013

2011

2010

2016

Current release

6.2.28, November 2020

0.9.32, January 2024

7.3.0, May 2020

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Apache 2.0

Open Source

commercial

60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/students

Open Source

AGPL-V3

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++

Java

Server operating systems

Linux
OS X
Windows

Linux
Unix
Windows

Linux
macOS
Windows

All OS with a Java 7 VM

Data scheme

schema-free

some layers support schemas

schema-free

schema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support

schema-free

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

some layers support typing

yes

string, integer, double, boolean, date, object_id

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

Import/export of XML data possible

Secondary indexes

yes

supports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatial

SQL

Support of SQL

supported in specific SQL layer only

Yes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Server

APIs and other access methods

GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3

Supported programming languages

.Net
C
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript

Node.js
PHP
Python
Ruby
Swift

.Net
C
C++
Clojure
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Lisp
Lua
MatLab
Nim
Objective C
OCaml
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Rust
Swift
Tcl

.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

in SQL-layer only

user defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Java

Triggers

yes

via event handlers

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

none

Sharding

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

yes

none

Multi-source replication in HA-Cluster

Source-replica replication

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Linearizable consistency

Immediate Consistency

Immediate Consistency in HA-Cluster

Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

in SQL-layer only

yes

relationships in graphs

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Access rights for users and roles

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More resources

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