DB-EnginesExtremeDB for everyone with an RTOSEnglish
Deutsch
Knowledge Base of Relational and NoSQL Database Management Systemsprovided by solid IT

DBMS > FoundationDB vs. Immudb vs. InterSystems Caché vs. Stardog vs. Virtuoso

System Properties Comparison FoundationDB vs. Immudb vs. InterSystems Caché vs. Stardog vs. Virtuoso

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameFoundationDB  Xexclude from comparisonImmudb  Xexclude from comparisonInterSystems Caché  Xexclude from comparisonStardog  Xexclude from comparisonVirtuoso  Xexclude from comparison
Created as commercial project in 2013, FoundationDB has been acquired by Apple in March 2015 and was withdrawn from the market. As a consequence, the product was removed from the DB-Engines ranking. In April 2018, Apple open-sourced FoundationDB and it therefore reappears in the ranking.Caché is a deprecated database engine which is substituted with InterSystems IRIS. It therefore is removed from the DB-Engines Ranking.
DescriptionOrdered key-value store. Core features are complimented by layers.An open source immutable (append-only) database with cryptographic verification which makes it tamper-resistant and fully auditable.A multi-model DBMS and application serverEnterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualizationVirtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphs
Primary database modelDocument store infosupported via specific layer
Key-value store
Relational DBMS infosupported via specific SQL-layer
Key-value storeKey-value store
Object oriented DBMS
Relational DBMS
Graph DBMS
RDF store
Document store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine
Secondary database modelsRelational DBMSDocument storeSpatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score1.06
Rank#185  Overall
#31  Document stores
#28  Key-value stores
#85  Relational DBMS
Score0.31
Rank#295  Overall
#42  Key-value stores
Score2.07
Rank#122  Overall
#11  Graph DBMS
#6  RDF stores
Score4.27
Rank#73  Overall
#13  Document stores
#4  Graph DBMS
#2  Native XML DBMS
#39  Relational DBMS
#2  RDF stores
#9  Search engines
Websitegithub.com/­apple/­foundationdbgithub.com/­codenotary/­immudb
immudb.io
www.intersystems.com/­products/­cachewww.stardog.comvirtuoso.openlinksw.com
Technical documentationapple.github.io/­foundationdbdocs.immudb.iodocs.intersystems.comdocs.stardog.comdocs.openlinksw.com/­virtuoso
DeveloperFoundationDBCodenotaryInterSystemsStardog-UnionOpenLink Software
Initial release20132020199720101998
Current release6.2.28, November 20201.2.3, April 20222018.1.4, May 20207.3.0, May 20207.2.11, September 2023
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache 2.0Open Source infoApache Version 2.0commercialcommercial info60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/studentsOpen Source infoGPLv2, extended commercial license available
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageC++GoJavaC
Server operating systemsLinux
OS X
Windows
BSD
Linux
macOS
Solaris
Windows
z/OS
AIX
HP Open VMS
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
Linux
macOS
Windows
AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
Data schemeschema-free infosome layers support schemasschema-freedepending on used data modelschema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema supportyes infoSQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateno infosome layers support typingyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.noyesno infoImport/export of XML data possibleyes
Secondary indexesnoyesyesyes infosupports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatialyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLsupported in specific SQL layer onlySQL-like syntaxyesYes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Serveryes infoSQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLX
APIs and other access methodsgRPC protocol
PostgreSQL wire protocol
.NET Client API
JDBC
ODBC
RESTful HTTP API
GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3
ADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT
Supported programming languages.Net
C
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
PHP
Python
Ruby
Swift
.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
C#
C++
Java
.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby
.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresin SQL-layer onlynoyesuser defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Javayes infoVirtuoso PL
Triggersnonoyesyes infovia event handlersyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingShardingnonenoneyes
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesyesSource-replica replicationMulti-source replication in HA-ClusterChain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnonononoyes
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemLinearizable consistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency in HA-ClusterImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityin SQL-layer onlynoyesyes inforelationships in graphsyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACIDACIDACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyesyesyes
User concepts infoAccess controlnoAccess rights for users, groups and rolesAccess rights for users and rolesFine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)
More information provided by the system vendor
FoundationDBImmudbInterSystems CachéStardogVirtuoso
Specific characteristicsVirtuoso is a modern multi-model RDBMS for managing data represented as tabular relations...
» more
Competitive advantagesPerformance & Scale — as exemplified by DBpedia and the LOD Cloud it spawned, i.e.,...
» more
Typical application scenariosUsed for — Analytics/BI Conceptual Data Virtualization Enterprise Knowledge Graphs...
» more
Key customersBroad use across enterprises and governments including — European Union (EU) US Government...
» more
Market metricsLargest installed-base ​of Multi-Model RDBMS for AI-friendly Knowledge Graphs Platform...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsAvailable in both Commercial Enterprise and Open Source (GPL v2) Editions Feature...
» more

We invite representatives of system vendors to contact us for updating and extending the system information,
and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.

Related products and services

We invite representatives of vendors of related products to contact us for presenting information about their offerings here.

More resources
FoundationDBImmudbInterSystems CachéStardogVirtuoso
Recent citations in the news

FoundationDB team's new venture, Antithesis, raises $47M to enhance software testing
13 February 2024, SiliconANGLE News

FoundationDB Raises $17 Million Series A Financing
31 May 2024, Yahoo Movies UK

Stonebraker Seeks to Invert the Computing Paradigm with DBOS
12 March 2024, Datanami

Antithesis raises $47M to launch an automated testing platform for software
13 February 2024, TechCrunch

FoundationDB, a very interesting NoSQL database owned by Apple, is now an open-source project
19 April 2018, GeekWire

provided by Google News

Codenotary brings its immutable database to the cloud
21 June 2023, TechCrunch

Immudb: Open-source database, built on a zero trust model
17 December 2021, Help Net Security

How Open-Source Database immudb Plans to Handle All That Metaverse Data
10 October 2022, Acceleration Economy

immudb (immutable database) 'tamper-proof' database - Open Source Insider
14 December 2021, ComputerWeekly.com

Codenotary Uses Immutable Database to Verify Software Artifacts
26 October 2021, DevOps.com

provided by Google News

AWS, GCP, Oracle, Azure, SAP Lead Cloud DBMS Market: Gartner
12 February 2022, CRN

Epic On EHR Interoperability: Not A '1-Time Project'
10 April 2015, InformationWeek

Associative Data Modeling Demystified - Part1 - DataScienceCentral.com
9 July 2016, Data Science Central

Announcing IBM Spectrum Sentinel: Building a Cyber Resilient Future
24 June 2022, ibm.com

Choosing a Database Technology. A roadmap and process overview | by Shirish Joshi
23 February 2020, Towards Data Science

provided by Google News



Share this page

Featured Products

Datastax Astra logo

Bring all your data to Generative AI applications with vector search enabled by the most scalable
vector database available.
Try for Free

Milvus logo

Vector database designed for GenAI, fully equipped for enterprise implementation.
Try Managed Milvus for Free

Neo4j logo

See for yourself how a graph database can make your life easier.
Use Neo4j online for free.

Present your product here