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DBMS > DuckDB vs. FoundationDB vs. GraphDB vs. H2 vs. SpatiaLite

System Properties Comparison DuckDB vs. FoundationDB vs. GraphDB vs. H2 vs. SpatiaLite

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameDuckDB  Xexclude from comparisonFoundationDB  Xexclude from comparisonGraphDB infoformer name: OWLIM  Xexclude from comparisonH2  Xexclude from comparisonSpatiaLite  Xexclude from comparison
Created as commercial project in 2013, FoundationDB has been acquired by Apple in March 2015 and was withdrawn from the market. As a consequence, the product was removed from the DB-Engines ranking. In April 2018, Apple open-sourced FoundationDB and it therefore reappears in the ranking.
DescriptionAn embeddable, in-process, column-oriented SQL OLAP RDBMSOrdered key-value store. Core features are complimented by layers.Enterprise-ready RDF and graph database with efficient reasoning, cluster and external index synchronization support. It supports also SQL JDBC access to Knowledge Graph and GraphQL over SPARQL.Full-featured RDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into a Java application or used as a database server.Spatial extension of SQLite
Primary database modelRelational DBMSDocument store infosupported via specific layer
Key-value store
Relational DBMS infosupported via specific SQL-layer
Graph DBMS
RDF store
Relational DBMSSpatial DBMS
Secondary database modelsSpatial DBMSRelational DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score4.63
Rank#69  Overall
#37  Relational DBMS
Score1.06
Rank#185  Overall
#31  Document stores
#28  Key-value stores
#85  Relational DBMS
Score3.25
Rank#91  Overall
#7  Graph DBMS
#4  RDF stores
Score8.33
Rank#46  Overall
#30  Relational DBMS
Score1.63
Rank#146  Overall
#3  Spatial DBMS
Websiteduckdb.orggithub.com/­apple/­foundationdbwww.ontotext.comwww.h2database.comwww.gaia-gis.it/­fossil/­libspatialite/­index
Technical documentationduckdb.org/­docsapple.github.io/­foundationdbgraphdb.ontotext.com/­documentationwww.h2database.com/­html/­main.htmlwww.gaia-gis.it/­gaia-sins/­spatialite_topics.html
Social network pagesLinkedInTwitterYouTubeGitHubMedium
DeveloperFoundationDBOntotextThomas MuellerAlessandro Furieri
Initial release20182013200020052008
Current release0.10, February 20246.2.28, November 202010.4, October 20232.2.220, July 20235.0.0, August 2020
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoMIT LicenseOpen Source infoApache 2.0commercial infoSome plugins of GraphDB Workbench are open sourcedOpen Source infodual-licence (Mozilla public license, Eclipse public license)Open Source infoMPL 1.1, GPL v2.0 or LGPL v2.1
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageC++C++JavaJavaC++
Server operating systemsserver-lessLinux
OS X
Windows
All OS with a Java VM
Linux
OS X
Windows
All OS with a Java VMserver-less
Data schemeyesschema-free infosome layers support schemasschema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support; RDF shapesyesyes
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesno infosome layers support typingyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nononono
Secondary indexesyesnoyes, supports real-time synchronization and indexing in SOLR/Elastic search/Lucene and GeoSPARQL geometry data indexesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLyessupported in specific SQL layer onlystored SPARQL accessed as SQL using Apache Calcite through JDBC/ODBCyesyes
APIs and other access methodsArrow Database Connectivity (ADBC)
CLI Client
JDBC
ODBC
GeoSPARQL
GraphQL
GraphQL Federation
Java API
JDBC
RDF4J API
RDFS
RIO
Sail API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SPARQL 1.1
JDBC
ODBC
Supported programming languagesC
C# info3rd party driver
C++
Crystal info3rd party driver
Go info3rd party driver
Java
Lisp info3rd party driver
Python
R
Ruby info3rd party driver
Rust
Swift
Zig info3rd party driver
.Net
C
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
PHP
Python
Ruby
Swift
.Net
C#
Clojure
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
Java
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnoin SQL-layer onlywell-defined plugin interfaces; JavaScript server-side extensibilityJava Stored Procedures and User-Defined Functionsno
Triggersnononoyesyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnoneShardingnonenonenone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesnoneyesMulti-source replicationWith clustering: 2 database servers on different computers operate on identical copies of a databasenone
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnonononono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyLinearizable consistencyImmediate Consistency, Eventual consistency (configurable in cluster mode per master or individual client request)Immediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynoin SQL-layer onlyyes infoConstraint checkingyesyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACIDACIDACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yesyesyes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.yesyesyes
User concepts infoAccess controlnonoDefault Basic authentication through RDF4J client, or via Java when run with cURL, default token-based in the Workbench or via Rest API, optional access through OpenID or Kerberos single sign-on.fine grained access rights according to SQL-standardno
More information provided by the system vendor
DuckDBFoundationDBGraphDB infoformer name: OWLIMH2SpatiaLite
Specific characteristicsOntotext GraphDB is a semantic database engine that allows organizations to build...
» more
Competitive advantagesGraphDB allows you to link text and data in big knowledge graphs. It’s easy to experiment...
» more
Typical application scenariosMetadata enrichment and management, linked data publishing, semantic inferencing...
» more
Key customers​ GraphDB provides a platform for building next-generation AI and Knowledge Graph...
» more
Market metricsGraphDB is the most utilized semantic triplestore for mission-critical enterprise...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsGraphDB Free is a non-commercial version and is free to use. GraphDB Enterprise edition...
» more
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