this is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)
Spatial DBMS
Search engine

support for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engine
Time Series DBMS

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer/time-series-analysis

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	1.45
Rank	#156	Overall
	#15	Graph DBMS

Score	4.38
Rank	#77	Overall
	#41	Relational DBMS

Score	0.14
Rank	#332	Overall
	#29	Time Series DBMS

Score	3.65
Rank	#85	Overall
	#11	Key-value stores

Website

dgraph.io

azure.microsoft.com/services/data-explorer

quasar.ai

rocksdb.org

Technical documentation

dgraph.io/docs

docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer

doc.quasar.ai/master

github.com/facebook/rocksdb/wiki

Developer

Dgraph Labs, Inc.

Microsoft

quasardb

Facebook, Inc.

Initial release

2016

2019

2009

2013

Current release

cloud service with continuous releases

3.14.1, January 2024

8.11.4, April 2024

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Apache 2.0

commercial

Free community edition, Non-profit organizations and non-commercial usage are eligible for free licenses

Open Source

BSD

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++

Server operating systems

Linux
OS X
Windows

hosted

BSD
Linux
OS X
Windows

Linux

Data scheme

schema-free

Fixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic)

schema-free

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

bool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/scalar-data-types

yes

integer and binary

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

all fields are automatically indexed

yes

with tags

SQL

Support of SQL

Kusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subset

SQL-like query language

APIs and other access methods

GraphQL query language
gRPC (using protocol buffers) API
HTTP API

Microsoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS)
RESTful HTTP API

HTTP API

C++ API
Java API

Supported programming languages

C#
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PowerShell
Python
R

.Net
C
C#
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
R

C
C++
Go
Java
Perl
Python
Ruby

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

Yes, possible languages: KQL, Python, R

Triggers

yes

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/management/updatepolicy

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

yes

Sharding

Implicit feature of the cloud service

Sharding

consistent hashing

horizontal partitioning

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Synchronous replication via Raft

yes

Implicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant.

Source-replica replication with selectable replication factor

yes

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Spark connector (open source): github.com/Azure/azure-kusto-spark

with Hadoop integration

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

yes

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

by using LevelDB

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

Transient mode

yes

User concepts

Access control

Planned for future releases

Azure Active Directory Authentication

Cryptographically strong user authentication and audit trail

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