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DBMS > Citus vs. Google Cloud Spanner vs. GraphDB vs. Heroic vs. Raima Database Manager

System Properties Comparison Citus vs. Google Cloud Spanner vs. GraphDB vs. Heroic vs. Raima Database Manager

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameCitus  Xexclude from comparisonGoogle Cloud Spanner  Xexclude from comparisonGraphDB infoformer name: OWLIM  Xexclude from comparisonHeroic  Xexclude from comparisonRaima Database Manager infoformerly named db_Vista  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionScalable hybrid operational and analytics RDBMS for big data use cases based on PostgreSQLA horizontally scalable, globally consistent, relational database service. It is the externalization of the core Google database that runs the biggest aspects of Google, like Ads and Google Play.Enterprise-ready RDF and graph database with efficient reasoning, cluster and external index synchronization support. It supports also SQL JDBC access to Knowledge Graph and GraphQL over SPARQL.Time Series DBMS built at Spotify based on Cassandra or Google Cloud Bigtable, and ElasticSearchRDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into an application or used as a database server
Primary database modelRelational DBMSRelational DBMSGraph DBMS
RDF store
Time Series DBMSRelational DBMS
Time Series DBMS
Secondary database modelsDocument store
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score2.15
Rank#117  Overall
#56  Relational DBMS
Score2.84
Rank#100  Overall
#51  Relational DBMS
Score3.25
Rank#91  Overall
#7  Graph DBMS
#4  RDF stores
Score0.46
Rank#265  Overall
#22  Time Series DBMS
Score0.49
Rank#259  Overall
#121  Relational DBMS
#21  Time Series DBMS
Websitewww.citusdata.comcloud.google.com/­spannerwww.ontotext.comgithub.com/­spotify/­heroicraima.com
Technical documentationdocs.citusdata.comcloud.google.com/­spanner/­docsgraphdb.ontotext.com/­documentationspotify.github.io/­heroicdocs.raima.com
Social network pagesLinkedInTwitterYouTubeGitHubMedium
DeveloperGoogleOntotextSpotifyRaima Inc.
Initial release20102017200020141984
Current release8.1, December 201810.4, October 202315, June 2021
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoAGPL, commercial license also availablecommercialcommercial infoSome plugins of GraphDB Workbench are open sourcedOpen Source infoApache 2.0commercial
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenoyesnonono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageCJavaJavaC
Server operating systemsLinuxhostedAll OS with a Java VM
Linux
OS X
Windows
Android
HP-UX
Integrity RTOS
iOS
Linux
OS X
QNX
Solaris
VxWorks
Windows
Data schemeyesyesschema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support; RDF shapesschema-freeyes
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.yes infospecific XML type available, but no XML query functionalitynononono infoExporting/Importing of XML structures possible
Secondary indexesyesyesyes, supports real-time synchronization and indexing in SOLR/Elastic search/Lucene and GeoSPARQL geometry data indexesyes infovia Elasticsearchyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLyes infostandard, with numerous extensionsyes infoQuery statements complying to ANSI 2011stored SPARQL accessed as SQL using Apache Calcite through JDBC/ODBCnoyes
APIs and other access methodsADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
gRPC (using protocol buffers) API
JDBC infoAt present, JDBC supports read-only queries. No support for DDL or DML statements.
RESTful HTTP API
GeoSPARQL
GraphQL
GraphQL Federation
Java API
JDBC
RDF4J API
RDFS
RIO
Sail API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SPARQL 1.1
HQL (Heroic Query Language, a JSON-based language)
HTTP API
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
RESTful HTTP API
Supported programming languages.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
.Net
C#
Clojure
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
.Net
C
C++
Objective-C
PL/SQL
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresuser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.nowell-defined plugin interfaces; JavaScript server-side extensibilitynoyes infobased on the ANSI/ISO SQL Persistent Stored Modules (PSM) specification
Triggersyesnononoyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingShardingnoneShardinghorizontal partitioning
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesSource-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensionsMulti-source replication with 3 replicas for regional instances.Multi-source replicationyesSource-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnoyes infousing Google Cloud Dataflownonono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency, Eventual consistency (configurable in cluster mode per master or individual client request)Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Immediate Consistency or Eventual Consistency depending on configuration
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyesyes infoby using interleaved tables, this features focuses more on performance improvements than on referential integrityyes infoConstraint checkingnoyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACID infoStrict serializable isolationACIDnoACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.nononoyes
User concepts infoAccess controlfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAccess rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)Default Basic authentication through RDF4J client, or via Java when run with cURL, default token-based in the Workbench or via Rest API, optional access through OpenID or Kerberos single sign-on.no
More information provided by the system vendor
CitusGoogle Cloud SpannerGraphDB infoformer name: OWLIMHeroicRaima Database Manager infoformerly named db_Vista
Specific characteristicsOntotext GraphDB is a semantic database engine that allows organizations to build...
» more
Raima Database Manager (RDM) is an embedded time-series database optimized to run...
» more
Competitive advantagesGraphDB allows you to link text and data in big knowledge graphs. It’s easy to experiment...
» more
Decreased time-to-market Industry-standard interfaces & tools for making your job...
» more
Typical application scenariosMetadata enrichment and management, linked data publishing, semantic inferencing...
» more
Typical use cases include: Internet of Things (IoT) Embedded In-Memory Database Time-Series...
» more
Key customers​ GraphDB provides a platform for building next-generation AI and Knowledge Graph...
» more
Infor, ABB, The Boeing Company, BAE Systems, Dow Jones, Dun & Bradstreet, Fujitsu,...
» more
Market metricsGraphDB is the most utilized semantic triplestore for mission-critical enterprise...
» more
Over 30 000 applications developers worldwide have field-tested RDM products More...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsGraphDB Free is a non-commercial version and is free to use. GraphDB Enterprise edition...
» more
Just as the technical aspects of Raima Database Manager are flexible, so are the...
» more
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CitusGoogle Cloud SpannerGraphDB infoformer name: OWLIMHeroicRaima Database Manager infoformerly named db_Vista
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