DBMS > ArcadeDB vs. Immudb vs. Oracle Berkeley DB vs. Sadas Engine vs. Virtuoso

System Properties Comparison ArcadeDB vs. Immudb vs. Oracle Berkeley DB vs. Sadas Engine vs. Virtuoso

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Fast and scalable multi-model DBMS, originally forked from OrientDB but most of the code has been rewritten

An open source immutable (append-only) database with cryptographic verification which makes it tamper-resistant and fully auditable.

Widely used in-process key-value store

SADAS Engine is a columnar DBMS specifically designed for high performance in data warehouse environments

Virtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphs

Primary database model

Document store
Graph DBMS
Key-value store
Time Series DBMS

in next version

Key-value store

supports sorted and unsorted key sets
Native XML DBMS

in the Oracle Berkeley DB XML version

Relational DBMS

Document store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine

Secondary database models

Relational DBMS

Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	0.02
Rank	#366	Overall
	#50	Document stores
	#38	Graph DBMS
	#53	Key-value stores
	#36	Time Series DBMS

Score	0.24
Rank	#305	Overall
	#43	Key-value stores

Score	2.21
Rank	#117	Overall
	#20	Key-value stores
	#3	Native XML DBMS

Score	0.00
Rank	#383	Overall
	#158	Relational DBMS

Score	4.26
Rank	#78	Overall
	#13	Document stores
	#4	Graph DBMS
	#2	Native XML DBMS
	#42	Relational DBMS
	#2	RDF stores
	#9	Search engines

Website

arcadedb.com

github.com/codenotary/immudb
immudb.io

www.oracle.com/database/technologies/related/berkeleydb.html

www.sadasengine.com

virtuoso.openlinksw.com

Technical documentation

docs.arcadedb.com

docs.immudb.io

docs.oracle.com/cd/E17076_05/html/index.html

www.sadasengine.com/en/sadas-engine-download-free-trial-and-documentation/#documentation

docs.openlinksw.com/virtuoso

Developer

Arcade Data

Codenotary

Oracle

originally developed by Sleepycat, which was acquired by Oracle

SADAS s.r.l.

OpenLink Software

Initial release

2021

2020

1994

2006

1998

Current release

September 2021

1.2.3, April 2022

18.1.40, May 2020

8.0

7.2.11, September 2023

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

Open Source

commercial license available

commercial

free trial version available

Open Source

GPLv2, extended commercial license available

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

Java

C, Java, C++ (depending on the Berkeley DB edition)

C++

Server operating systems

All OS with a Java VM

BSD
Linux
macOS
Solaris
Windows
z/OS

AIX
Android
FreeBSD
iOS
Linux
OS X
Solaris
VxWorks
Windows

AIX
Linux
Windows

AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows

Data scheme

schema-free

yes

SQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

only with the Berkeley DB XML edition

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

SQL-like query language, no joins

SQL-like syntax

yes

SQL interfaced based on SQLite is available

yes

SQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLX

APIs and other access methods

JDBC
MongoDB API
OpenCypher
PostgreSQL wire protocol
Redis API
RESTful HTTP/JSON API
TinkerPop Gremlin

gRPC protocol
PostgreSQL wire protocol

JDBC
ODBC
Proprietary protocol

ADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT

Supported programming languages

Java

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python

.Net

Figaro is a .Net framework assembly that extends Berkeley DB XML into an embeddable database engine for .NET
others

Third-party libraries to manipulate Berkeley DB files are available for many languages
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)

3rd party binding
Perl
Python
Tcl

.Net
C
C#
C++
Groovy
Java
PHP
Python

.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

Virtuoso PL

Triggers

yes

only for the SQL API

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

none

horizontal partitioning

yes

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Source-replica replication

none

Chain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

yes

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

relationship in graphs

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

managed by 'Learn by Usage'

yes

User concepts

Access control

Access rights for users, groups and roles according to SQL-standard

Fine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)

More information provided by the system vendor

Specific characteristics

Virtuoso is a modern multi-model RDBMS for managing data represented as tabular relations...
» more

Competitive advantages

Performance & Scale — as exemplified by DBpedia and the LOD Cloud it spawned, i.e.,...
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Typical application scenarios

Used for — Analytics/BI Conceptual Data Virtualization Enterprise Knowledge Graphs...
» more

Key customers

Broad use across enterprises and governments including — European Union (EU) US Government...
» more

Market metrics

Largest installed-base of Multi-Model RDBMS for AI-friendly Knowledge Graphs Platform...
» more

Licensing and pricing models

Available in both Commercial Enterprise and Open Source (GPL v2) Editions Feature...
» more

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and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.

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