DBMS > Apache Impala vs. Hive vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. Spark SQL

System Properties Comparison Apache Impala vs. Hive vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. Spark SQL

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Analytic DBMS for Hadoop

data warehouse software for querying and managing large distributed datasets, built on Hadoop

Globally distributed, horizontally scalable, multi-model database service

Spark SQL is a component on top of 'Spark Core' for structured data processing

Primary database model

Relational DBMS

Document store
Graph DBMS
Key-value store
Wide column store

Relational DBMS

Secondary database models

Document store

Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	13.77
Rank	#40	Overall
	#24	Relational DBMS

Score	61.17
Rank	#18	Overall
	#12	Relational DBMS

Score	29.04
Rank	#27	Overall
	#4	Document stores
	#2	Graph DBMS
	#3	Key-value stores
	#3	Wide column stores

Score	18.96
Rank	#33	Overall
	#20	Relational DBMS

Website

impala.apache.org

hive.apache.org

azure.microsoft.com/services/cosmos-db

spark.apache.org/sql

Technical documentation

impala.apache.org/impala-docs.html

cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/Home

learn.microsoft.com/azure/cosmos-db

spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-programming-guide.html

Developer

Apache Software Foundation

Apache top-level project, originally developed by Cloudera

Apache Software Foundation

initially developed by Facebook

Microsoft

Apache Software Foundation

Initial release

2013

2012

2014

Current release

4.1.0, June 2022

3.1.3, April 2022

3.5.0 ( 2.13), September 2023

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Apache Version 2

Open Source

Apache Version 2

commercial

Open Source

Apache 2.0

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

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Implementation language

C++

Java

Scala

Server operating systems

Linux

All OS with a Java VM

hosted

Linux
OS X
Windows

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

yes

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

JSON types

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

Secondary indexes

yes

All properties auto-indexed by default

SQL

Support of SQL

SQL-like DML and DDL statements

SQL-like query language

SQL-like DML and DDL statements

APIs and other access methods

JDBC
ODBC

JDBC
ODBC
Thrift

DocumentDB API
Graph API (Gremlin)
MongoDB API
RESTful HTTP API
Table API

JDBC
ODBC

Supported programming languages

All languages supporting JDBC/ODBC

C++
Java
PHP
Python

.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript
JavaScript (Node.js)
MongoDB client drivers written for various programming languages
Python

Java
Python
R
Scala

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

user defined functions and integration of map-reduce

yes

user defined functions and integration of map-reduce

JavaScript

Triggers

JavaScript

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

Implicit feature of the cloud service

yes, utilizing Spark Core

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

selectable replication factor

yes

Implicit feature of the cloud service

none

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

yes

query execution via MapReduce

yes

query execution via MapReduce

with Hadoop integration

Integration with Hadoop/HDInsight on Azure*

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Eventual Consistency

Bounded Staleness
Consistent Prefix
Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Consistency level configurable on request level
Session Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

Multi-item ACID transactions with snapshot isolation within a partition

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

User concepts

Access control

Access rights for users, groups and roles

based on Apache Sentry and Kerberos

Access rights for users, groups and roles

Access rights can be defined down to the item level

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