DBMS > Apache Impala vs. H2 vs. LokiJS vs. PostgreSQL vs. RRDtool

System Properties Comparison Apache Impala vs. H2 vs. LokiJS vs. PostgreSQL vs. RRDtool

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Analytic DBMS for Hadoop

Full-featured RDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into a Java application or used as a database server.

In-memory JavaScript DBMS

Widely used open source RDBMS

Developed as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQL

Industry standard data logging and graphing tool for time series data. RRD is an acronym for round-robin database.

The data is stored in a circular buffer, thus the system storage footprint remains constant over time.

Primary database model

Relational DBMS

Document store

Relational DBMS

with object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.

Time Series DBMS

Secondary database models

Document store

Spatial DBMS

Document store
Graph DBMS

with Apache Age
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS

with pgvector extension

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	12.45
Rank	#40	Overall
	#24	Relational DBMS

Score	8.33
Rank	#46	Overall
	#30	Relational DBMS

Score	0.49
Rank	#260	Overall
	#42	Document stores

Score	636.25
Rank	#4	Overall
	#4	Relational DBMS

Score	1.90
Rank	#132	Overall
	#11	Time Series DBMS

Website

impala.apache.org

www.h2database.com

github.com/techfort/LokiJS

www.postgresql.org

oss.oetiker.ch/rrdtool

Technical documentation

impala.apache.org/impala-docs.html

www.h2database.com/html/main.html

techfort.github.io/LokiJS

www.postgresql.org/docs

oss.oetiker.ch/rrdtool/doc

Developer

Apache Software Foundation

Apache top-level project, originally developed by Cloudera

Thomas Mueller

PostgreSQL Global Development Group

www.postgresql.org/developer

Tobias Oetiker

Initial release

2013

2005

2014

1989

1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL

1999

Current release

4.1.0, June 2022

2.2.220, July 2023

16.3, May 2024

1.8.0, 2022

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Apache Version 2

Open Source

dual-licence (Mozilla public license, Eclipse public license)

Open Source

BSD

Open Source

GPL V2 and FLOSS

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

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Implementation language

C++

Java

JavaScript

Implementations in Java (e.g. RRD4J) and C# available

Server operating systems

Linux

All OS with a Java VM

server-less, requires a JavaScript environment (browser, Node.js)

FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows

HP-UX
Linux

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

yes

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

Numeric data only

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

specific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.

Exporting into and restoring from XML files possible

Secondary indexes

yes

via views

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

SQL-like DML and DDL statements

yes

standard with numerous extensions

APIs and other access methods

JDBC
ODBC

JavaScript API

ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects

in-process shared library
Pipes

Supported programming languages

All languages supporting JDBC/ODBC

Java

JavaScript

.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java

JDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl

with librrd library
C#

with a different implementation of RRDTool
Java

with a different implementation of RRDTool
JavaScript (Node.js)

with a different implementation of RRDTool
Lua
Perl
PHP

with a wrapper library
Python
Ruby

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

user defined functions and integration of map-reduce

Java Stored Procedures and User-Defined Functions

View functions in JavaScript

user defined functions

realized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.

Triggers

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

none

partitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hash

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

selectable replication factor

With clustering: 2 database servers on different computers operate on identical copies of a database

none

Source-replica replication

other methods possible by using 3rd party extensions

none

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

yes

query execution via MapReduce

yes

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Eventual Consistency

Immediate Consistency

none

Immediate Consistency

none

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

atomic operations within a single collection possible

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

yes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)

yes

by using the rrdcached daemon

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

Serialization of a DB in a Node.JS/Cordova/PhoneGap environment. Usage of the IndexedDB-API in a browser.

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Access rights for users, groups and roles

based on Apache Sentry and Kerberos

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

More information provided by the system vendor

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