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DBMS > Apache Impala vs. Dgraph vs. GBase vs. Google Cloud Bigtable vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer

System Properties Comparison Apache Impala vs. Dgraph vs. GBase vs. Google Cloud Bigtable vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameApache Impala  Xexclude from comparisonDgraph  Xexclude from comparisonGBase  Xexclude from comparisonGoogle Cloud Bigtable  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure Data Explorer  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionAnalytic DBMS for HadoopDistributed and scalable native Graph DBMSWidely used RDBMS in China, including analytical, transactional, distributed transactional, and cloud-native data warehousing.Google's NoSQL Big Data database service. It's the same database that powers many core Google services, including Search, Analytics, Maps, and Gmail.Fully managed big data interactive analytics platform
Primary database modelRelational DBMSGraph DBMSRelational DBMSKey-value store
Wide column store
Relational DBMS infocolumn oriented
Secondary database modelsDocument storeDocument store infoIf a column is of type dynamic docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­scalar-data-types/­dynamic then it's possible to add arbitrary JSON documents in this cell
Event Store infothis is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)
Spatial DBMS
Search engine infosupport for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engine
Time Series DBMS infosee docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­data-explorer/­time-series-analysis
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score13.77
Rank#40  Overall
#24  Relational DBMS
Score1.45
Rank#156  Overall
#15  Graph DBMS
Score1.07
Rank#185  Overall
#86  Relational DBMS
Score3.26
Rank#92  Overall
#13  Key-value stores
#8  Wide column stores
Score4.38
Rank#77  Overall
#41  Relational DBMS
Websiteimpala.apache.orgdgraph.iowww.gbase.cncloud.google.com/­bigtableazure.microsoft.com/­services/­data-explorer
Technical documentationimpala.apache.org/­impala-docs.htmldgraph.io/­docscloud.google.com/­bigtable/­docsdocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­data-explorer
DeveloperApache Software Foundation infoApache top-level project, originally developed by ClouderaDgraph Labs, Inc.General Data Technology Co., Ltd.GoogleMicrosoft
Initial release20132016200420152019
Current release4.1.0, June 2022GBase 8a, GBase 8s, GBase 8ccloud service with continuous releases
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache Version 2Open Source infoApache 2.0commercialcommercialcommercial
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenononoyesyes
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageC++GoC, Java, Python
Server operating systemsLinuxLinux
OS X
Windows
Linuxhostedhosted
Data schemeyesschema-freeyesschema-freeFixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic)
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesnoyes infobool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­scalar-data-types
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyesnoyes
Secondary indexesyesyesyesnoall fields are automatically indexed
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL-like DML and DDL statementsnoStandard with numerous extensionsnoKusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subset
APIs and other access methodsJDBC
ODBC
GraphQL query language
gRPC (using protocol buffers) API
HTTP API
ADO.NET
C API
JDBC
ODBC
gRPC (using protocol buffers) API
HappyBase (Python library)
HBase compatible API (Java)
Microsoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS)
RESTful HTTP API
Supported programming languagesAll languages supporting JDBC/ODBCC#
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
C#C#
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PowerShell
Python
R
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresyes infouser defined functions and integration of map-reducenouser defined functionsnoYes, possible languages: KQL, Python, R
Triggersnonoyesnoyes infosee docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­management/­updatepolicy
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingyeshorizontal partitioning (by range, list and hash) and vertical partitioningShardingSharding infoImplicit feature of the cloud service
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesselectable replication factorSynchronous replication via RaftyesInternal replication in Colossus, and regional replication between two clusters in different zonesyes infoImplicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant.
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyes infoquery execution via MapReducenoyesSpark connector (open source): github.com/­Azure/­azure-kusto-spark
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemEventual ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate consistency (for a single cluster), Eventual consistency (for two or more replicated clusters)Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynonoyesnono
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datanoACIDACIDAtomic single-row operationsno
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.nonono
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users, groups and roles infobased on Apache Sentry and Kerberosno infoPlanned for future releasesyesAccess rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)Azure Active Directory Authentication

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More resources
Apache ImpalaDgraphGBaseGoogle Cloud BigtableMicrosoft Azure Data Explorer
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