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DBMS > Apache Druid vs. Dgraph vs. Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics vs. PostgreSQL vs. XTDB

System Properties Comparison Apache Druid vs. Dgraph vs. Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics vs. PostgreSQL vs. XTDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameApache Druid  Xexclude from comparisonDgraph  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure Synapse Analytics infopreviously named Azure SQL Data Warehouse  Xexclude from comparisonPostgreSQL  Xexclude from comparisonXTDB infoformerly named Crux  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionOpen-source analytics data store designed for sub-second OLAP queries on high dimensionality and high cardinality dataDistributed and scalable native Graph DBMSElastic, large scale data warehouse service leveraging the broad eco-system of SQL ServerWidely used open source RDBMS infoDeveloped as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQLA general purpose database with bitemporal SQL and Datalog and graph queries
Primary database modelRelational DBMS
Time Series DBMS
Graph DBMSRelational DBMSRelational DBMS infowith object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.Document store
Secondary database modelsDocument store
Graph DBMS infowith Apache Age
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS infowith pgvector extension
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score3.25
Rank#90  Overall
#47  Relational DBMS
#7  Time Series DBMS
Score1.53
Rank#152  Overall
#15  Graph DBMS
Score19.93
Rank#31  Overall
#19  Relational DBMS
Score636.25
Rank#4  Overall
#4  Relational DBMS
Score0.18
Rank#332  Overall
#46  Document stores
Websitedruid.apache.orgdgraph.ioazure.microsoft.com/­services/­synapse-analyticswww.postgresql.orggithub.com/­xtdb/­xtdb
www.xtdb.com
Technical documentationdruid.apache.org/­docs/­latest/­designdgraph.io/­docsdocs.microsoft.com/­azure/­synapse-analyticswww.postgresql.org/­docswww.xtdb.com/­docs
DeveloperApache Software Foundation and contributorsDgraph Labs, Inc.MicrosoftPostgreSQL Global Development Group infowww.postgresql.org/­developerJuxt Ltd.
Initial release2012201620161989 info1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL2019
Current release29.0.1, April 202416.3, May 20241.19, September 2021
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache license v2Open Source infoApache 2.0commercialOpen Source infoBSDOpen Source infoMIT License
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonoyesnono
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Implementation languageJavaGoC++CClojure
Server operating systemsLinux
OS X
Unix
Linux
OS X
Windows
hostedFreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows
All OS with a Java 8 (and higher) VM
Linux
Data schemeyes infoschema-less columns are supportedschema-freeyesyesschema-free
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyesyes, extensible-data-notation format
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nononoyes infospecific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.no
Secondary indexesyesyesyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL for queryingnoyesyes infostandard with numerous extensionslimited SQL, making use of Apache Calcite
APIs and other access methodsJDBC
RESTful HTTP/JSON API
GraphQL query language
gRPC (using protocol buffers) API
HTTP API
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
HTTP REST
JDBC
Supported programming languagesClojure
JavaScript
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Scala
C#
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
C#
Java
PHP
.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java infoJDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
Clojure
Java
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnonoTransact SQLuser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.no
Triggersnononoyesno
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesSharding infomanual/auto, time-basedyesSharding, horizontal partitioningpartitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hashnone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesyes, via HDFS, S3 or other storage enginesSynchronous replication via RaftyesSource-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensionsyes, each node contains all data
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnonononono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynonono infodocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­synapse-analytics/­sql-data-warehouse/­sql-data-warehouse-table-constraintsyesno
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datanoACIDACIDACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes, flexibel persistency by using storage technologies like Apache Kafka, RocksDB or LMDB
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.nono
User concepts infoAccess controlRBAC using LDAP or Druid internals for users and groups for read/write by datasource and systemno infoPlanned for future releasesyesfine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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More resources
Apache DruidDgraphMicrosoft Azure Synapse Analytics infopreviously named Azure SQL Data WarehousePostgreSQLXTDB infoformerly named Crux
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