DBMS > Amazon Neptune vs. Immudb vs. LeanXcale vs. OpenSearch vs. Oracle Berkeley DB

System Properties Comparison Amazon Neptune vs. Immudb vs. LeanXcale vs. OpenSearch vs. Oracle Berkeley DB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Fast, reliable graph database built for the cloud

An open source immutable (append-only) database with cryptographic verification which makes it tamper-resistant and fully auditable.

A highly scalable full ACID SQL database with fast NoSQL data ingestion and GIS capabilities

A distributed, RESTful search and analytics engine forked from Elasticsearch and based on Apache Lucene

Widely used in-process key-value store

Primary database model

Graph DBMS
RDF store

Key-value store

Key-value store
Relational DBMS

Search engine

Key-value store

supports sorted and unsorted key sets
Native XML DBMS

in the Oracle Berkeley DB XML version

Secondary database models

Relational DBMS

Vector DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	2.20
Rank	#119	Overall
	#9	Graph DBMS
	#5	RDF stores

Score	0.24
Rank	#305	Overall
	#43	Key-value stores

Score	0.29
Rank	#291	Overall
	#41	Key-value stores
	#132	Relational DBMS

Score	16.36
Rank	#37	Overall
	#4	Search engines

Score	2.21
Rank	#117	Overall
	#20	Key-value stores
	#3	Native XML DBMS

Website

aws.amazon.com/neptune

github.com/codenotary/immudb
immudb.io

www.leanxcale.com

github.com/opensearch-project
opensearch.org

www.oracle.com/database/technologies/related/berkeleydb.html

Technical documentation

aws.amazon.com/neptune/developer-resources

docs.immudb.io

opensearch.org/docs/latest

docs.oracle.com/cd/E17076_05/html/index.html

Developer

Amazon

Codenotary

LeanXcale

Amazon Web Services

Oracle

originally developed by Sleepycat, which was acquired by Oracle

Initial release

2017

2020

2015

2021

1994

Current release

1.2.3, April 2022

2.5.0, January 2023

18.1.40, May 2020

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

commercial

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

Open Source

commercial license available

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

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Implementation language

Java

C, Java, C++ (depending on the Berkeley DB edition)

Server operating systems

hosted

BSD
Linux
macOS
Solaris
Windows
z/OS

All OS with a Java VM

AIX
Android
FreeBSD
iOS
Linux
OS X
Solaris
VxWorks
Windows

Data scheme

schema-free

yes

schema-free

Flexible type definitions. Once a type is defined, it is persistent

schema-free

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

only with the Berkeley DB XML edition

Secondary indexes

yes

All search fields are automatically indexed

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

SQL-like syntax

yes

through Apache Derby

SQL-like query language

yes

SQL interfaced based on SQLite is available

APIs and other access methods

OpenCypher
RDF 1.1 / SPARQL 1.1
TinkerPop Gremlin

gRPC protocol
PostgreSQL wire protocol

JDBC
Kafka Connector
ODBC
proprietary key/value interface
Spark Connector

Java API
RESTful HTTP/JSON API

Supported programming languages

C#
Go
Java
JavaScript
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python

C
Java
Scala

Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby

Elasticsearch client

.Net

Figaro is a .Net framework assembly that extends Berkeley DB XML into an embeddable database engine for .NET
others

Third-party libraries to manipulate Berkeley DB files are available for many languages
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)

3rd party binding
Perl
Python
Tcl

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

Triggers

yes

by using the 'percolation' feature

yes

only for the SQL API

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

none

Sharding

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Multi-availability zones high availability, asynchronous replication for up to 15 read replicas within a single region. Global database clusters consists of a primary write DB cluster in one region, and up to five secondary read DB clusters in different regions. Each secondary region can have up to 16 reader instances.

yes

Source-replica replication

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Eventual Consistency

Synchronous doc based replication. Get by ID may show delays up to 1 sec. Configurable write consistency: one, quorum, all

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Relationships in graphs

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

with encyption-at-rest

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Access rights for users and roles can be defined via the AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)

More information provided by the system vendor

Specific characteristics

OpenSearch is a highly scalable and extensible open-source software suite for search,...
» more

Competitive advantages

Distributed as fully open source under Apache License, Version 2.0 (ALv2), OpenSearch...
» more

Typical application scenarios

The OpenSearch platform is used across a broad range of search , analytics, and observability...
» more

Licensing and pricing models

The OpenSearch Project offers open source software licensed under Apache License...
» more

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