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DBMS > Amazon Neptune vs. H2 vs. HarperDB vs. Ignite vs. Virtuoso

System Properties Comparison Amazon Neptune vs. H2 vs. HarperDB vs. Ignite vs. Virtuoso

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameAmazon Neptune  Xexclude from comparisonH2  Xexclude from comparisonHarperDB  Xexclude from comparisonIgnite  Xexclude from comparisonVirtuoso  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionFast, reliable graph database built for the cloudFull-featured RDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into a Java application or used as a database server.Ultra-low latency distributed database with an intuitive REST API supporting NoSQL and SQL (including joins). Deployment of functions and databases simultaneously with a consolidated node-level architecture.Apache Ignite is a memory-centric distributed database, caching, and processing platform for transactional, analytical, and streaming workloads, delivering in-memory speeds at petabyte scale.Virtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphs
Primary database modelGraph DBMS
RDF store
Relational DBMSDocument storeKey-value store
Relational DBMS
Document store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine
Secondary database modelsSpatial DBMSSpatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score2.20
Rank#119  Overall
#9  Graph DBMS
#5  RDF stores
Score8.13
Rank#49  Overall
#31  Relational DBMS
Score0.55
Rank#248  Overall
#38  Document stores
Score3.16
Rank#96  Overall
#15  Key-value stores
#49  Relational DBMS
Score4.26
Rank#78  Overall
#13  Document stores
#4  Graph DBMS
#2  Native XML DBMS
#42  Relational DBMS
#2  RDF stores
#9  Search engines
Websiteaws.amazon.com/­neptunewww.h2database.comwww.harperdb.ioignite.apache.orgvirtuoso.openlinksw.com
Technical documentationaws.amazon.com/­neptune/­developer-resourceswww.h2database.com/­html/­main.htmldocs.harperdb.io/­docsapacheignite.readme.io/­docsdocs.openlinksw.com/­virtuoso
DeveloperAmazonThomas MuellerHarperDBApache Software FoundationOpenLink Software
Initial release20172005201720151998
Current release2.2.220, July 20233.1, August 2021Apache Ignite 2.67.2.11, September 2023
License infoCommercial or Open SourcecommercialOpen Source infodual-licence (Mozilla public license, Eclipse public license)commercial infofree community edition availableOpen Source infoApache 2.0Open Source infoGPLv2, extended commercial license available
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud serviceyesnononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageJavaNode.jsC++, Java, .NetC
Server operating systemshostedAll OS with a Java VMLinux
OS X
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
Data schemeschema-freeyesdynamic schemayesyes infoSQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyes infoJSON data typesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nononoyesyes
Secondary indexesnoyesyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLnoyesSQL-like data manipulation statementsANSI-99 for query and DML statements, subset of DDLyes infoSQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLX
APIs and other access methodsOpenCypher
RDF 1.1 / SPARQL 1.1
TinkerPop Gremlin
JDBC
ODBC
JDBC
ODBC
React Hooks
RESTful HTTP/JSON API
WebSocket
HDFS API
Hibernate
JCache
JDBC
ODBC
Proprietary protocol
RESTful HTTP API
Spring Data
ADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT
Supported programming languagesC#
Go
Java
JavaScript
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
Java.Net
C
C#
C++
ColdFusion
D
Dart
Delphi
Erlang
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Lisp
MatLab
Objective C
Perl
PHP
PowerShell
Prolog
Python
R
Ruby
Rust
Scala
Swift
C#
C++
Java
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnoJava Stored Procedures and User-Defined FunctionsCustom Functions infosince release 3.1yes (compute grid and cache interceptors can be used instead)yes infoVirtuoso PL
Triggersnoyesnoyes (cache interceptors and events)yes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnonenoneA table resides as a whole on one (or more) nodes in a clusterShardingyes
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesMulti-availability zones high availability, asynchronous replication for up to 15 read replicas within a single region. Global database clusters consists of a primary write DB cluster in one region, and up to five secondary read DB clusters in different regions. Each secondary region can have up to 16 reader instances.With clustering: 2 database servers on different computers operate on identical copies of a databaseyes infothe nodes on which a table resides can be definedyes (replicated cache)Chain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnononoyes (compute grid and hadoop accelerator)yes
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyes infoRelationships in graphsyesnonoyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACIDAtomic execution of specific operationsACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyes infowith encyption-at-restyesyes, using LMDByesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.yesyesyesyes
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users and roles can be defined via the AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)fine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAccess rights for users and rolesSecurity Hooks for custom implementationsFine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)
More information provided by the system vendor
Amazon NeptuneH2HarperDBIgniteVirtuoso
Specific characteristicsVirtuoso is a modern multi-model RDBMS for managing data represented as tabular relations...
» more
Competitive advantagesPerformance & Scale — as exemplified by DBpedia and the LOD Cloud it spawned, i.e.,...
» more
Typical application scenariosUsed for — Analytics/BI Conceptual Data Virtualization Enterprise Knowledge Graphs...
» more
Key customersBroad use across enterprises and governments including — European Union (EU) US Government...
» more
Market metricsLargest installed-base ​of Multi-Model RDBMS for AI-friendly Knowledge Graphs Platform...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsAvailable in both Commercial Enterprise and Open Source (GPL v2) Editions Feature...
» more

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Amazon NeptuneH2HarperDBIgniteVirtuoso
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