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DBMS > Amazon Neptune vs. Google Cloud Spanner vs. H2 vs. OrientDB vs. ReductStore

System Properties Comparison Amazon Neptune vs. Google Cloud Spanner vs. H2 vs. OrientDB vs. ReductStore

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameAmazon Neptune  Xexclude from comparisonGoogle Cloud Spanner  Xexclude from comparisonH2  Xexclude from comparisonOrientDB  Xexclude from comparisonReductStore  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionFast, reliable graph database built for the cloudA horizontally scalable, globally consistent, relational database service. It is the externalization of the core Google database that runs the biggest aspects of Google, like Ads and Google Play.Full-featured RDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into a Java application or used as a database server.Multi-model DBMS (Document, Graph, Key/Value)Designed to manage unstructured time-series data efficiently, providing unique features such as storing time-stamped blobs with labels, customizable data retention policies, and a straightforward FIFO quota system.
Primary database modelGraph DBMS
RDF store
Relational DBMSRelational DBMSDocument store
Graph DBMS
Key-value store
Time Series DBMS
Secondary database modelsSpatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score2.29
Rank#113  Overall
#9  Graph DBMS
#5  RDF stores
Score2.84
Rank#100  Overall
#51  Relational DBMS
Score8.33
Rank#46  Overall
#30  Relational DBMS
Score3.25
Rank#89  Overall
#16  Document stores
#6  Graph DBMS
#13  Key-value stores
Score0.05
Rank#384  Overall
#44  Time Series DBMS
Websiteaws.amazon.com/­neptunecloud.google.com/­spannerwww.h2database.comorientdb.orggithub.com/­reductstore
www.reduct.store
Technical documentationaws.amazon.com/­neptune/­developer-resourcescloud.google.com/­spanner/­docswww.h2database.com/­html/­main.htmlwww.orientdb.com/­docs/­last/­index.htmlwww.reduct.store/­docs
DeveloperAmazonGoogleThomas MuellerOrientDB LTD; CallidusCloud; SAPReductStore LLC
Initial release20172017200520102023
Current release2.2.220, July 20233.2.29, March 20241.9, March 2024
License infoCommercial or Open SourcecommercialcommercialOpen Source infodual-licence (Mozilla public license, Eclipse public license)Open Source infoApache version 2Open Source infoBusiness Source License 1.1
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud serviceyesyesnonono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageJavaJavaC++, Rust
Server operating systemshostedhostedAll OS with a Java VMAll OS with a Java JDK (>= JDK 6)Docker
Linux
macOS
Windows
Data schemeschema-freeyesyesschema-free infoSchema can be enforced for whole record ("schema-full") or for some fields only ("schema-hybrid")
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nononono
Secondary indexesnoyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLnoyes infoQuery statements complying to ANSI 2011yesSQL-like query language, no joins
APIs and other access methodsOpenCypher
RDF 1.1 / SPARQL 1.1
TinkerPop Gremlin
gRPC (using protocol buffers) API
JDBC infoAt present, JDBC supports read-only queries. No support for DDL or DML statements.
RESTful HTTP API
JDBC
ODBC
Tinkerpop technology stack with Blueprints, Gremlin, Pipes
Java API
RESTful HTTP/JSON API
HTTP API
Supported programming languagesC#
Go
Java
JavaScript
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
Java.Net
C
C#
C++
Clojure
Java
JavaScript
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
C++
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
Rust
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnonoJava Stored Procedures and User-Defined FunctionsJava, Javascript
TriggersnonoyesHooks
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnoneShardingnoneSharding
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesMulti-availability zones high availability, asynchronous replication for up to 15 read replicas within a single region. Global database clusters consists of a primary write DB cluster in one region, and up to five secondary read DB clusters in different regions. Each secondary region can have up to 16 reader instances.Multi-source replication with 3 replicas for regional instances.With clustering: 2 database servers on different computers operate on identical copies of a databaseMulti-source replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnoyes infousing Google Cloud Dataflownono infocould be achieved with distributed queries
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyes infoRelationships in graphsyes infoby using interleaved tables, this features focuses more on performance improvements than on referential integrityyesyes inforelationship in graphs
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACID infoStrict serializable isolationACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyes infowith encyption-at-restyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyes
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users and roles can be defined via the AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)Access rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)fine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAccess rights for users and roles; record level security configurable

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More resources
Amazon NeptuneGoogle Cloud SpannerH2OrientDBReductStore
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