DBMS > Amazon Neptune vs. Firebase Realtime Database vs. LeanXcale vs. Oracle Berkeley DB vs. RDFox

System Properties Comparison Amazon Neptune vs. Firebase Realtime Database vs. LeanXcale vs. Oracle Berkeley DB vs. RDFox

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Fast, reliable graph database built for the cloud

Cloud-hosted realtime document store. iOS, Android, and JavaScript clients share one Realtime Database instance and automatically receive updates with the newest data.

A highly scalable full ACID SQL database with fast NoSQL data ingestion and GIS capabilities

Widely used in-process key-value store

High performance knowledge graph and semantic reasoning engine

Primary database model

Graph DBMS
RDF store

Document store

Key-value store
Relational DBMS

Key-value store

supports sorted and unsorted key sets
Native XML DBMS

in the Oracle Berkeley DB XML version

Graph DBMS
RDF store

Secondary database models

Relational DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	2.20
Rank	#119	Overall
	#9	Graph DBMS
	#5	RDF stores

Score	14.29
Rank	#39	Overall
	#6	Document stores

Score	0.29
Rank	#291	Overall
	#41	Key-value stores
	#132	Relational DBMS

Score	2.21
Rank	#117	Overall
	#20	Key-value stores
	#3	Native XML DBMS

Score	0.23
Rank	#308	Overall
	#25	Graph DBMS
	#14	RDF stores

Website

aws.amazon.com/neptune

firebase.google.com/products/realtime-database

www.leanxcale.com

www.oracle.com/database/technologies/related/berkeleydb.html

www.oxfordsemantic.tech

Technical documentation

aws.amazon.com/neptune/developer-resources

firebase.google.com/docs/database

docs.oracle.com/cd/E17076_05/html/index.html

docs.oxfordsemantic.tech

Developer

Amazon

Google

acquired by Google 2014

LeanXcale

Oracle

originally developed by Sleepycat, which was acquired by Oracle

Oxford Semantic Technologies

Initial release

2017

2012

2015

1994

2017

Current release

18.1.40, May 2020

6.0, Septermber 2022

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

Open Source

commercial license available

commercial

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C, Java, C++ (depending on the Berkeley DB edition)

C++

Server operating systems

hosted

AIX
Android
FreeBSD
iOS
Linux
OS X
Solaris
VxWorks
Windows

Linux
macOS
Windows

Data scheme

schema-free

yes

schema-free

yes

RDF schemas

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

only with the Berkeley DB XML edition

Secondary indexes

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

through Apache Derby

yes

SQL interfaced based on SQLite is available

APIs and other access methods

OpenCypher
RDF 1.1 / SPARQL 1.1
TinkerPop Gremlin

Android
iOS
JavaScript API
RESTful HTTP API

JDBC
Kafka Connector
ODBC
proprietary key/value interface
Spark Connector

RESTful HTTP API
SPARQL 1.1

Supported programming languages

C#
Go
Java
JavaScript
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala

Java
JavaScript
Objective-C

C
Java
Scala

.Net

Figaro is a .Net framework assembly that extends Berkeley DB XML into an embeddable database engine for .NET
others

Third-party libraries to manipulate Berkeley DB files are available for many languages
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)

3rd party binding
Perl
Python
Tcl

C
Java

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

limited functionality with using 'rules'

Triggers

Callbacks are triggered when data changes

yes

only for the SQL API

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Multi-availability zones high availability, asynchronous replication for up to 15 read replicas within a single region. Global database clusters consists of a primary write DB cluster in one region, and up to five secondary read DB clusters in different regions. Each secondary region can have up to 16 reader instances.

Source-replica replication

replication via a shared file system

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Eventual Consistency

if the client is offline
Immediate Consistency

if the client is online

Immediate Consistency

Immediate Consistency in stand-alone mode, Eventual Consistency in replicated setups

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Relationships in graphs

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

yes

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

with encyption-at-rest

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Access rights for users and roles can be defined via the AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)

yes, based on authentication and database rules

Roles, resources, and access types

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More resources

DB-Engines blog posts

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