DBMS > 4D vs. Oracle Berkeley DB vs. TigerGraph vs. ToroDB vs. XTDB

System Properties Comparison 4D vs. Oracle Berkeley DB vs. TigerGraph vs. ToroDB vs. XTDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

ToroDB seems to be discontinued. Therefore it is excluded from the DB-Engines Ranking.

Description

Application development environment with integrated database management system

Widely used in-process key-value store

A complete, distributed, parallel graph computing platform supporting web-scale data analytics in real-time

A MongoDB-compatible JSON document store, built on top of PostgreSQL

A general purpose database with bitemporal SQL and Datalog and graph queries

Primary database model

Relational DBMS

Key-value store

supports sorted and unsorted key sets
Native XML DBMS

in the Oracle Berkeley DB XML version

Graph DBMS

Document store

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	2.58
Rank	#108	Overall
	#54	Relational DBMS

Score	2.21
Rank	#117	Overall
	#20	Key-value stores
	#3	Native XML DBMS

Score	1.83
Rank	#139	Overall
	#13	Graph DBMS

Score	0.11
Rank	#343	Overall
	#46	Document stores

Website

www.4d.com

www.oracle.com/database/technologies/related/berkeleydb.html

www.tigergraph.com

github.com/torodb/server

github.com/xtdb/xtdb
www.xtdb.com

Technical documentation

developer.4d.com

docs.oracle.com/cd/E17076_05/html/index.html

docs.tigergraph.com

www.xtdb.com/docs

Developer

4D, Inc

Oracle

originally developed by Sleepycat, which was acquired by Oracle

8Kdata

Juxt Ltd.

Initial release

1984

1994

2017

2016

2019

Current release

v20, April 2023

18.1.40, May 2020

1.19, September 2021

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

Open Source

commercial license available

commercial

Open Source

AGPL-V3

Open Source

MIT License

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C, Java, C++ (depending on the Berkeley DB edition)

C++

Java

Clojure

Server operating systems

OS X
Windows

AIX
Android
FreeBSD
iOS
Linux
OS X
Solaris
VxWorks
Windows

Linux

All OS with a Java 7 VM

All OS with a Java 8 (and higher) VM
Linux

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

yes

schema-free

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

string, integer, double, boolean, date, object_id

yes, extensible-data-notation format

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

only with the Berkeley DB XML edition

Secondary indexes

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

close to SQL 92

yes

SQL interfaced based on SQLite is available

SQL-like query language (GSQL)

limited SQL, making use of Apache Calcite

APIs and other access methods

ODBC
RESTful HTTP API

by using 4D Mobile
SOAP webservices

GSQL (TigerGraph Query Language)
Kafka
RESTful HTTP/JSON API

HTTP REST
JDBC

Supported programming languages

4D proprietary IDE
PHP

.Net

Figaro is a .Net framework assembly that extends Berkeley DB XML into an embeddable database engine for .NET
others

Third-party libraries to manipulate Berkeley DB files are available for many languages
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)

3rd party binding
Perl
Python
Tcl

C++
Java

Clojure
Java

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

Triggers

yes

only for the SQL API

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

none

Sharding

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Multi-source replication

Source-replica replication

yes, each node contains all data

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

yes

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Relationships in graphs

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

yes, flexibel persistency by using storage technologies like Apache Kafka, RocksDB or LMDB

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Users and groups

Role-based access control

Access rights for users and roles

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