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DBMS > 4D vs. Geode vs. Google Cloud Spanner vs. LevelDB vs. TimesTen

System Properties Comparison 4D vs. Geode vs. Google Cloud Spanner vs. LevelDB vs. TimesTen

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
Name4D infoformer name: 4th Dimension  Xexclude from comparisonGeode  Xexclude from comparisonGoogle Cloud Spanner  Xexclude from comparisonLevelDB  Xexclude from comparisonTimesTen  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionApplication development environment with integrated database management systemGeode is a distributed data container, pooling memory, CPU, network resources, and optionally local disk across multiple processesA horizontally scalable, globally consistent, relational database service. It is the externalization of the core Google database that runs the biggest aspects of Google, like Ads and Google Play.Embeddable fast key-value storage library that provides an ordered mapping from string keys to string valuesIn-Memory RDBMS compatible to Oracle
Primary database modelRelational DBMSKey-value storeRelational DBMSKey-value storeRelational DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score2.58
Rank#108  Overall
#54  Relational DBMS
Score1.92
Rank#131  Overall
#23  Key-value stores
Score2.89
Rank#103  Overall
#52  Relational DBMS
Score2.35
Rank#111  Overall
#19  Key-value stores
Score1.31
Rank#163  Overall
#74  Relational DBMS
Websitewww.4d.comgeode.apache.orgcloud.google.com/­spannergithub.com/­google/­leveldbwww.oracle.com/­database/­technologies/­related/­timesten.html
Technical documentationdeveloper.4d.comgeode.apache.org/­docscloud.google.com/­spanner/­docsgithub.com/­google/­leveldb/­blob/­main/­doc/­index.mddocs.oracle.com/­database/­timesten-18.1
Developer4D, IncOriginally developed by Gemstone. They outsourced the project to Apache in 2015 but still deliver a commercial version as Gemfire.GoogleGoogleOracle, TimesTen Performance Software, HP infooriginally founded in HP Labs it was acquired by Oracle in 2005
Initial release19842002201720111998
Current releasev20, April 20231.1, February 20171.23, February 202111 Release 2 (11.2.2.8.0)
License infoCommercial or Open SourcecommercialOpen Source infoApache Version 2; commercial licenses available as GemfirecommercialOpen Source infoBSDcommercial
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonoyesnono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageJavaC++
Server operating systemsOS X
Windows
All OS with a Java VM infothe JDK (8 or later) is also requiredhostedIllumos
Linux
OS X
Windows
AIX
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris SPARC/x86
Windows
Data schemeyesschema-freeyesschema-freeyes
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesnoyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.yesnononono
Secondary indexesyesnoyesnoyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLyes infoclose to SQL 92SQL-like query language (OQL)yes infoQuery statements complying to ANSI 2011noyes
APIs and other access methodsODBC
RESTful HTTP API infoby using 4D Mobile
SOAP webservices
Java Client API
Memcached protocol
RESTful HTTP API
gRPC (using protocol buffers) API
JDBC infoAt present, JDBC supports read-only queries. No support for DDL or DML statements.
RESTful HTTP API
JDBC
ODBC
ODP.NET
Oracle Call Interface (OCI)
Supported programming languages4D proprietary IDE
PHP
.Net
All JVM based languages
C++
Groovy
Java
Scala
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
C++
Go
Java info3rd party binding
JavaScript (Node.js) info3rd party binding
Python info3rd party binding
C
C++
Java
PL/SQL
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresyesuser defined functionsnonoPL/SQL
Triggersyesyes infoCache Event Listenersnonono
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnoneShardingShardingnonenone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesMulti-source replicationMulti-source replicationMulti-source replication with 3 replicas for regional instances.noneMulti-source replication
Source-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnonoyes infousing Google Cloud Dataflownono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyEventual ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency or Eventual Consistency depending on configuration
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyesnoyes infoby using interleaved tables, this features focuses more on performance improvements than on referential integritynoyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDyes, on a single nodeACID infoStrict serializable isolationnoACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyes infowith automatic compression on writesyes infoby means of logfiles and checkpoints
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyesnoyes
User concepts infoAccess controlUsers and groupsAccess rights per client and object definableAccess rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)nofine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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4D infoformer name: 4th DimensionGeodeGoogle Cloud SpannerLevelDBTimesTen
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