DBMS > 4D vs. DuckDB vs. Hyprcubd vs. Ingres vs. LevelDB

System Properties Comparison 4D vs. DuckDB vs. Hyprcubd vs. Ingres vs. LevelDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Hyprcubd seems to be discontinued. Therefore it is excluded from the DB-Engines ranking.

Description

Application development environment with integrated database management system

An embeddable, in-process, column-oriented SQL OLAP RDBMS

Serverless Time Series DBMS

Well established RDBMS

Embeddable fast key-value storage library that provides an ordered mapping from string keys to string values

Primary database model

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	2.47
Rank	#110	Overall
	#54	Relational DBMS

Score	4.63
Rank	#69	Overall
	#37	Relational DBMS

Score	3.80
Rank	#82	Overall
	#44	Relational DBMS

Score	2.25
Rank	#115	Overall
	#19	Key-value stores

Website

www.4d.com

duckdb.org

hyprcubd.com (offline)

www.actian.com/databases/ingres

github.com/google/leveldb

Technical documentation

developer.4d.com

duckdb.org/docs

docs.actian.com/ingres

github.com/google/leveldb/blob/main/doc/index.md

Developer

4D, Inc

Hyprcubd, Inc.

Actian Corporation

Google

Initial release

1984

2018

1974

originally developed at University Berkely in early 1970s

2011

Current release

v20, April 2023

0.10, February 2024

11.2, May 2022

1.23, February 2021

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

Open Source

MIT License

commercial

Open Source

BSD

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++

Server operating systems

OS X
Windows

server-less

hosted

AIX
HP Open VMS
HP-UX
Linux
Solaris
Windows

Illumos
Linux
OS X
Windows

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

time, int, uint, float, string

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

but tools for importing/exporting data from/to XML-files available

Secondary indexes

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

close to SQL 92

yes

SQL-like query language

yes

APIs and other access methods

ODBC
RESTful HTTP API

by using 4D Mobile
SOAP webservices

Arrow Database Connectivity (ADBC)
CLI Client
JDBC
ODBC

gRPC (https)

.NET Client API
JDBC
ODBC
proprietary protocol (OpenAPI)

Supported programming languages

4D proprietary IDE
PHP

C
C#

3rd party driver
C++
Crystal

3rd party driver
Go

3rd party driver
Java
Lisp

3rd party driver
Python
R
Ruby

3rd party driver
Rust
Swift
Zig

3rd party driver

C++
Go
Java

3rd party binding
JavaScript (Node.js)

3rd party binding
Python

3rd party binding

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

Triggers

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

none

horizontal partitioning

Ingres Star to access multiple databases simultaneously

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Multi-source replication

none

Ingres Replicator

none

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Eventual Consistency

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

yes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)

yes

MVCC

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

with automatic compression on writes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Users and groups

token access

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

More information provided by the system vendor

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More resources

DB-Engines blog posts

MySQL, PostgreSQL and Redis are the winners of the March ranking
2 March 2016, Paul Andlinger

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