DBMS > 4D vs. Apache Impala vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. Stardog vs. TimesTen

System Properties Comparison 4D vs. Apache Impala vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. Stardog vs. TimesTen

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Application development environment with integrated database management system

Analytic DBMS for Hadoop

Globally distributed, horizontally scalable, multi-model database service

Enterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualization

In-Memory RDBMS compatible to Oracle

Primary database model

Relational DBMS

Document store
Graph DBMS
Key-value store
Wide column store

Graph DBMS
RDF store

Relational DBMS

Secondary database models

Document store

Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	2.58
Rank	#108	Overall
	#54	Relational DBMS

Score	13.77
Rank	#40	Overall
	#24	Relational DBMS

Score	29.04
Rank	#27	Overall
	#4	Document stores
	#2	Graph DBMS
	#3	Key-value stores
	#3	Wide column stores

Score	2.02
Rank	#123	Overall
	#11	Graph DBMS
	#6	RDF stores

Score	1.31
Rank	#163	Overall
	#74	Relational DBMS

Website

www.4d.com

impala.apache.org

azure.microsoft.com/services/cosmos-db

www.stardog.com

www.oracle.com/database/technologies/related/timesten.html

Technical documentation

developer.4d.com

impala.apache.org/impala-docs.html

learn.microsoft.com/azure/cosmos-db

docs.stardog.com

docs.oracle.com/database/timesten-18.1

Developer

4D, Inc

Apache Software Foundation

Apache top-level project, originally developed by Cloudera

Microsoft

Stardog-Union

Oracle, TimesTen Performance Software, HP

originally founded in HP Labs it was acquired by Oracle in 2005

Initial release

1984

2013

2014

2010

1998

Current release

v20, April 2023

4.1.0, June 2022

7.3.0, May 2020

11 Release 2 (11.2.2.8.0)

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

Open Source

Apache Version 2

commercial

60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/students

commercial

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++

Java

Server operating systems

OS X
Windows

Linux

hosted

Linux
macOS
Windows

AIX
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris SPARC/x86
Windows

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

schema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support

yes

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

JSON types

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Import/export of XML data possible

Secondary indexes

yes

All properties auto-indexed by default

yes

supports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatial

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

close to SQL 92

SQL-like DML and DDL statements

SQL-like query language

Yes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Server

yes

APIs and other access methods

ODBC
RESTful HTTP API

by using 4D Mobile
SOAP webservices

JDBC
ODBC

DocumentDB API
Graph API (Gremlin)
MongoDB API
RESTful HTTP API
Table API

GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3

JDBC
ODBC
ODP.NET
Oracle Call Interface (OCI)

Supported programming languages

4D proprietary IDE
PHP

All languages supporting JDBC/ODBC

.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript
JavaScript (Node.js)
MongoDB client drivers written for various programming languages
Python

.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby

C
C++
Java
PL/SQL

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

user defined functions and integration of map-reduce

JavaScript

user defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Java

PL/SQL

Triggers

yes

JavaScript

yes

via event handlers

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

none

Sharding

Implicit feature of the cloud service

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Multi-source replication

selectable replication factor

yes

Implicit feature of the cloud service

Multi-source replication in HA-Cluster

Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

yes

query execution via MapReduce

with Hadoop integration

Integration with Hadoop/HDInsight on Azure*

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Eventual Consistency

Bounded Staleness
Consistent Prefix
Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Consistency level configurable on request level
Session Consistency

Immediate Consistency in HA-Cluster

Immediate Consistency or Eventual Consistency depending on configuration

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

relationships in graphs

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Multi-item ACID transactions with snapshot isolation within a partition

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

by means of logfiles and checkpoints

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Users and groups

Access rights for users, groups and roles

based on Apache Sentry and Kerberos

Access rights can be defined down to the item level

Access rights for users and roles

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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