DBMS > Milvus vs. Qdrant vs. Virtuoso

System Properties Comparison Milvus vs. Qdrant vs. Virtuoso

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

A DBMS designed for efficient storage of vector data and vector similarity searches

A high-performance vector database with neural network or semantic-based matching

Virtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphs

Primary database model

Vector DBMS

Document store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine

Secondary database models

Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	2.92
Rank	#87	Overall
	#7	Vector DBMS

Score	2.28
Rank	#106	Overall
	#8	Vector DBMS

Score	2.79
Rank	#89	Overall
	#15	Document stores
	#5	Graph DBMS
	#2	Native XML DBMS
	#48	Relational DBMS
	#2	RDF stores
	#10	Search engines

Website

milvus.io

github.com/qdrant/qdrant
qdrant.tech

virtuoso.openlinksw.com

Technical documentation

milvus.io/docs/overview.md

qdrant.tech/documentation

docs.openlinksw.com/virtuoso

Developer

Qdrant

OpenLink Software

Initial release

2019

2021

1998

Current release

2.4.4, May 2024

7.2.11, September 2023

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

Open Source

GPLv2, extended commercial license available

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++, Go

Rust

Server operating systems

Linux
macOS

10.14 or later
Windows

with WSL 2 enabled

Docker
Linux
macOS
Windows

AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows

Data scheme

schema-free

yes

SQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

Vector, Numeric and String

Numbers, Strings, Geo, Boolean

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

Keywords, numberic ranges, geo, full-text

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

SQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLX

APIs and other access methods

RESTful HTTP API

gRPC
OpenAPI 3.0
RESTful HTTP/JSON API

OpenAPI 3.0

ADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT

Supported programming languages

C++
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
Rust

.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

Virtuoso PL

Triggers

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

yes

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Collection-level replication

Chain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

yes

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Bounded Staleness
Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Session Consistency
Tunable Consistency

Eventual Consistency, tunable consistency

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Role based access control and fine grained access rights

Key-based authentication

Fine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)

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More resources

DB-Engines blog posts

Vector databases
2 June 2023, Matthias Gelbmann

show all

Recent citations in the news

What Is Milvus? A Distributed Vector Database
3 March 2025, Oracle

Milvus 2.5 Creates the Best of Both Worlds With Hybrid Vector-Keyword Search
17 December 2024, GlobeNewswire

AI-Powered Search Engine With Milvus Vector Database on Vultr
7 November 2024, SitePoint

Dance between dense and sparse embeddings: Enabling Hybrid Search in LangChain-Milvus
19 November 2024, Towards Data Science

Generating More Creative and Curated Ghibli-Style Images with GPT-4o and Milvus
29 April 2025, DataDrivenInvestor

provided by Google News

Qdrant Receives Industry Honors for Innovation in AI and Vector Search
28 April 2025, Business Wire

Qdrant promises 10x faster indexing with GPU-powered vector database
23 January 2025, Blocks and Files

Open-source vector database Qdrant expands enterprise cloud AI features
4 March 2025, SiliconANGLE

Qdrant update adds security measures for AI development
4 March 2025, TechTarget

.NET AI Chat Web App Template Preview 2 Released with Qdrant and .NET Aspire Support
21 April 2025, infoq.com

provided by Google News

Figure 2. DAR detailed architecture
11 March 2018, ResearchGate

Fig. 1. Logical architecture of the OPENNESS platform.
7 February 2018, ResearchGate

provided by Google News

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