this is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)
Spatial DBMS
Search engine

support for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engine
Time Series DBMS

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer/time-series-analysis

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	4.67
Rank	#77	Overall
	#42	Relational DBMS

Score	1.43
Rank	#160	Overall
	#3	Multivalue DBMS

Score	5.16
Rank	#69	Overall
	#37	Relational DBMS

Website

hyprcubd.com (offline)

www.actian.com/databases/ingres

www.rocketsoftware.com/products/rocket-multivalue-application-development-platform/rocket-jbase

azure.microsoft.com/services/data-explorer

Technical documentation

docs.actian.com/ingres

docs.rocketsoftware.com/bundle?labelkey=jbase_5.9

docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer

Developer

Hyprcubd, Inc.

Actian Corporation

Rocket Software (formerly Zumasys)

Microsoft

Initial release

1974

originally developed at University Berkely in early 1970s

1991

2019

Current release

11.2, May 2022

5.7

cloud service with continuous releases

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

Server operating systems

hosted

AIX
HP Open VMS
HP-UX
Linux
Solaris
Windows

AIX
Linux
Windows

hosted

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

Fixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic)

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

time, int, uint, float, string

yes

optional

yes

bool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/scalar-data-types

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

but tools for importing/exporting data from/to XML-files available

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

all fields are automatically indexed

SQL

Support of SQL

SQL-like query language

yes

Embedded SQL for jBASE in BASIC

Kusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subset

APIs and other access methods

gRPC (https)

.NET Client API
JDBC
ODBC
proprietary protocol (OpenAPI)

JDBC
ODBC
Proprietary protocol
RESTful HTTP API
SOAP-based API

Microsoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS)
RESTful HTTP API

Supported programming languages

.Net
Basic
Jabbascript
Java

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PowerShell
Python
R

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

Yes, possible languages: KQL, Python, R

Triggers

yes

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/management/updatepolicy

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

horizontal partitioning

Ingres Star to access multiple databases simultaneously

Sharding

Implicit feature of the cloud service

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Ingres Replicator

yes

Implicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant.

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Spark connector (open source): github.com/Azure/azure-kusto-spark

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Eventual Consistency

Immediate Consistency

Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

MVCC

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

token access

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

Access rights can be defined down to the item level

Azure Active Directory Authentication

More information provided by the system vendor

We invite representatives of system vendors to contact us for updating and extending the system information,
and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.

Related products and services

We invite representatives of vendors of related products to contact us for presenting information about their offerings here.

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