this is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)
Spatial DBMS
Search engine

support for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engine
Time Series DBMS

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer/time-series-analysis

Relational DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	0.00
Rank	#383	Overall
	#7	Spatial DBMS

Score	4.38
Rank	#77	Overall
	#41	Relational DBMS

Score	0.14
Rank	#332	Overall
	#29	Time Series DBMS

Score	1.60
Rank	#149	Overall
	#3	Spatial DBMS

Website

www.h2gis.org

azure.microsoft.com/services/data-explorer

quasar.ai

www.gaia-gis.it/fossil/libspatialite/index

Technical documentation

www.h2gis.org/docs/home

docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer

doc.quasar.ai/master

www.gaia-gis.it/gaia-sins/spatialite_topics.html

Developer

CNRS

Microsoft

quasardb

Alessandro Furieri

Initial release

2013

2019

2009

2008

Current release

cloud service with continuous releases

3.14.1, January 2024

5.0.0, August 2020

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

LGPL 3.0

commercial

Free community edition, Non-profit organizations and non-commercial usage are eligible for free licenses

Open Source

MPL 1.1, GPL v2.0 or LGPL v2.1

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

Java

C++

Server operating systems

hosted

BSD
Linux
OS X
Windows

server-less

Data scheme

yes

Fixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic)

schema-free

yes

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

bool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/scalar-data-types

yes

integer and binary

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

all fields are automatically indexed

yes

with tags

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

Kusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subset

SQL-like query language

yes

APIs and other access methods

Microsoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS)
RESTful HTTP API

HTTP API

Supported programming languages

Java

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PowerShell
Python
R

.Net
C
C#
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
R

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

based on H2

Yes, possible languages: KQL, Python, R

Triggers

yes

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/management/updatepolicy

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

none

Sharding

Implicit feature of the cloud service

Sharding

consistent hashing

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

yes

based on H2

yes

Implicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant.

Source-replica replication with selectable replication factor

none

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Spark connector (open source): github.com/Azure/azure-kusto-spark

with Hadoop integration

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

by using LevelDB

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

Transient mode

yes

User concepts

Access control

yes

based on H2

Azure Active Directory Authentication

Cryptographically strong user authentication and audit trail

More information provided by the system vendor

We invite representatives of system vendors to contact us for updating and extending the system information,
and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.

Related products and services

We invite representatives of vendors of related products to contact us for presenting information about their offerings here.

More resources

DB-Engines blog posts

Spatial database management systems
6 April 2021, Matthias Gelbmann

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