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DBMS > Google Cloud Spanner vs. H2 vs. RavenDB vs. Virtuoso vs. YDB

System Properties Comparison Google Cloud Spanner vs. H2 vs. RavenDB vs. Virtuoso vs. YDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameGoogle Cloud Spanner  Xexclude from comparisonH2  Xexclude from comparisonRavenDB  Xexclude from comparisonVirtuoso  Xexclude from comparisonYDB  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionA horizontally scalable, globally consistent, relational database service. It is the externalization of the core Google database that runs the biggest aspects of Google, like Ads and Google Play.Full-featured RDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into a Java application or used as a database server.Open Source Operational and Transactional Enterprise NoSQL Document DatabaseVirtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphsA distributed fault-tolerant database service, with high availability, scalability, immediate consistency and ACID transactions and providing an Amazon DynamoDB compatible API
Primary database modelRelational DBMSRelational DBMSDocument storeDocument store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine
Document store
Relational DBMS
Secondary database modelsSpatial DBMSGraph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
Time Series DBMS
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score2.89
Rank#103  Overall
#52  Relational DBMS
Score8.13
Rank#49  Overall
#31  Relational DBMS
Score2.92
Rank#101  Overall
#18  Document stores
Score4.26
Rank#78  Overall
#13  Document stores
#4  Graph DBMS
#2  Native XML DBMS
#42  Relational DBMS
#2  RDF stores
#9  Search engines
Score0.35
Rank#278  Overall
#43  Document stores
#127  Relational DBMS
Websitecloud.google.com/­spannerwww.h2database.comravendb.netvirtuoso.openlinksw.comgithub.com/­ydb-platform/­ydb
ydb.tech
Technical documentationcloud.google.com/­spanner/­docswww.h2database.com/­html/­main.htmlravendb.net/­docsdocs.openlinksw.com/­virtuosoydb.tech/­en/­docs
DeveloperGoogleThomas MuellerHibernating RhinosOpenLink SoftwareYandex
Initial release20172005201019982019
Current release2.2.220, July 20235.4, July 20227.2.11, September 2023
License infoCommercial or Open SourcecommercialOpen Source infodual-licence (Mozilla public license, Eclipse public license)Open Source infoAGPL version 3, commercial license availableOpen Source infoGPLv2, extended commercial license availableOpen Source infoApache 2.0; commercial license available
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud serviceyesnononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageJavaC#C
Server operating systemshostedAll OS with a Java VMLinux
macOS
Raspberry Pi
Windows
AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
Linux
Data schemeyesyesschema-freeyes infoSQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type
Flexible Schema (defined schema, partial schema, schema free)
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesnoyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyesno
Secondary indexesyesyesyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLyes infoQuery statements complying to ANSI 2011yesSQL-like query language (RQL)yes infoSQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLXSQL-like query language (YQL)
APIs and other access methodsgRPC (using protocol buffers) API
JDBC infoAt present, JDBC supports read-only queries. No support for DDL or DML statements.
RESTful HTTP API
JDBC
ODBC
.NET Client API
F# Client API
Go Client API
Java Client API
NodeJS Client API
PHP Client API
Python Client API
RESTful HTTP API
ADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT
RESTful HTTP API (DynamoDB compatible)
Supported programming languagesGo
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
Java.Net
C#
F#
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnoJava Stored Procedures and User-Defined Functionsyesyes infoVirtuoso PLno
Triggersnoyesyesyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingnoneShardingyesSharding
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesMulti-source replication with 3 replicas for regional instances.With clustering: 2 database servers on different computers operate on identical copies of a databaseMulti-source replicationChain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication
Active-passive shard replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyes infousing Google Cloud Dataflownoyesyesno
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyDefault ACID transactions on the local node (eventually consistent across the cluster). Atomic operations with cluster-wide ACID transactions. Eventual consistency for indexes and full-text search indexes.Immediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyes infoby using interleaved tables, this features focuses more on performance improvements than on referential integrityyesnoyesno
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACID infoStrict serializable isolationACIDACID, Cluster-wide transaction availableACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyesyesno
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)fine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAuthorization levels configured per client per databaseFine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)Access rights defined for Yandex Cloud users
More information provided by the system vendor
Google Cloud SpannerH2RavenDBVirtuosoYDB
Specific characteristicsVirtuoso is a modern multi-model RDBMS for managing data represented as tabular relations...
» more
Competitive advantagesPerformance & Scale — as exemplified by DBpedia and the LOD Cloud it spawned, i.e.,...
» more
Typical application scenariosUsed for — Analytics/BI Conceptual Data Virtualization Enterprise Knowledge Graphs...
» more
Key customersBroad use across enterprises and governments including — European Union (EU) US Government...
» more
Market metricsLargest installed-base ​of Multi-Model RDBMS for AI-friendly Knowledge Graphs Platform...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsAvailable in both Commercial Enterprise and Open Source (GPL v2) Editions Feature...
» more

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More resources
Google Cloud SpannerH2RavenDBVirtuosoYDB
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