DBMS > Citus vs. H2GIS vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer vs. SpatiaLite vs. Stardog

System Properties Comparison Citus vs. H2GIS vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer vs. SpatiaLite vs. Stardog

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Scalable hybrid operational and analytics RDBMS for big data use cases based on PostgreSQL

Spatial extension of H2

Fully managed big data interactive analytics platform

Spatial extension of SQLite

Enterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualization

Primary database model

column oriented

Secondary database models

Document store

Relational DBMS

Document store

If a column is of type dynamic docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/scalar-data-types/dynamic then it's possible to add arbitrary JSON documents in this cell
Event Store

this is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)
Spatial DBMS
Search engine

support for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engine
Time Series DBMS

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer/time-series-analysis

Relational DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	2.21
Rank	#118	Overall
	#56	Relational DBMS

Score	0.00
Rank	#383	Overall
	#7	Spatial DBMS

Score	4.38
Rank	#77	Overall
	#41	Relational DBMS

Score	1.60
Rank	#149	Overall
	#3	Spatial DBMS

Score	2.02
Rank	#123	Overall
	#11	Graph DBMS
	#6	RDF stores

Website

www.citusdata.com

www.h2gis.org

azure.microsoft.com/services/data-explorer

www.gaia-gis.it/fossil/libspatialite/index

www.stardog.com

Technical documentation

docs.citusdata.com

www.h2gis.org/docs/home

docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer

www.gaia-gis.it/gaia-sins/spatialite_topics.html

docs.stardog.com

Developer

CNRS

Microsoft

Alessandro Furieri

Stardog-Union

Initial release

2010

2013

2019

2008

2010

Current release

8.1, December 2018

cloud service with continuous releases

5.0.0, August 2020

7.3.0, May 2020

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

AGPL, commercial license also available

Open Source

LGPL 3.0

commercial

Open Source

MPL 1.1, GPL v2.0 or LGPL v2.1

commercial

60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/students

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

Java

C++

Java

Server operating systems

Linux

hosted

server-less

Linux
macOS
Windows

Data scheme

yes

Fixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic)

yes

schema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

bool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/scalar-data-types

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

specific XML type available, but no XML query functionality

yes

Import/export of XML data possible

Secondary indexes

yes

all fields are automatically indexed

yes

supports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatial

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

standard, with numerous extensions

yes

Kusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subset

yes

Yes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Server

APIs and other access methods

ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects

Microsoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS)
RESTful HTTP API

GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3

Supported programming languages

.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl

Java

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PowerShell
Python
R

.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

user defined functions

realized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.

yes

based on H2

Yes, possible languages: KQL, Python, R

user defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Java

Triggers

yes

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/management/updatepolicy

yes

via event handlers

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

none

Sharding

Implicit feature of the cloud service

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Source-replica replication

other methods possible by using 3rd party extensions

yes

based on H2

yes

Implicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant.

none

Multi-source replication in HA-Cluster

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Spark connector (open source): github.com/Azure/azure-kusto-spark

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Immediate Consistency in HA-Cluster

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

relationships in graphs

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

yes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

yes

based on H2

Azure Active Directory Authentication

Access rights for users and roles

More information provided by the system vendor

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Related products and services

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More resources

DB-Engines blog posts

Spatial database management systems
6 April 2021, Matthias Gelbmann

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