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DBMS > Apache Cassandra vs. Firebird vs. Heroic vs. Stardog vs. Virtuoso

System Properties Comparison Apache Cassandra vs. Firebird vs. Heroic vs. Stardog vs. Virtuoso

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameApache Cassandra  Xexclude from comparisonFirebird  Xexclude from comparisonHeroic  Xexclude from comparisonStardog  Xexclude from comparisonVirtuoso  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionWide-column store based on ideas of BigTable and DynamoDB infoOptimized for write accessFirebird is an open source RDBMS forked from Borland's InterBaseTime Series DBMS built at Spotify based on Cassandra or Google Cloud Bigtable, and ElasticSearchEnterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualizationVirtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphs
Primary database modelWide column storeRelational DBMSTime Series DBMSGraph DBMS
RDF store
Document store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine
Secondary database modelsVector DBMS infostarting with release V5Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score98.94
Rank#11  Overall
#1  Wide column stores
Score19.46
Rank#30  Overall
#18  Relational DBMS
Score0.13
Rank#335  Overall
#29  Time Series DBMS
Score1.93
Rank#121  Overall
#10  Graph DBMS
#6  RDF stores
Score3.99
Rank#75  Overall
#13  Document stores
#4  Graph DBMS
#2  Native XML DBMS
#40  Relational DBMS
#2  RDF stores
#9  Search engines
Websitecassandra.apache.orgwww.firebirdsql.orggithub.com/­spotify/­heroicwww.stardog.comvirtuoso.openlinksw.com
Technical documentationcassandra.apache.org/­doc/­latestwww.firebirdsql.org/­en/­reference-manualsspotify.github.io/­heroicdocs.stardog.comdocs.openlinksw.com/­virtuoso
DeveloperApache Software Foundation infoApache top level project, originally developped by FacebookFirebird FoundationSpotifyStardog-UnionOpenLink Software
Initial release20082000 infoAs fork of Borland's InterBase201420101998
Current release5.0-rc1, July 20245.0.1, August 20247.3.0, May 20207.2.11, September 2023
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache version 2Open Source infoInitial Developer's Public LicenseOpen Source infoApache 2.0commercial info60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/studentsOpen Source infoGPLv2, extended commercial license available
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Astra DB: Multi-cloud DBaaS built on Apache Cassandra.
Implementation languageJavaC and C++JavaJavaC
Server operating systemsBSD
Linux
OS X
Windows
AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
server-less infoFirebird Embedded Server
Solaris
Unix
Windows
Linux
macOS
Windows
AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
Data schemeschema-freeyesschema-freeschema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema supportyes infoSQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonono infoImport/export of XML data possibleyes
Secondary indexesrestricted infoonly equality queries, not always the best performing solutionyesyes infovia Elasticsearchyes infosupports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatialyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL-like SELECT, DML and DDL statements (CQL)yesnoYes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Serveryes infoSQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLX
APIs and other access methodsProprietary protocol infoCQL (Cassandra Query Language, an SQL-like language)
Thrift
ADO.NET
C/C++ API
JDBC infoJaybird
ODBC
OLE DB
HQL (Heroic Query Language, a JSON-based language)
HTTP API
GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3
ADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT
Supported programming languagesC#
C++
Clojure
Erlang
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
C
C#
C++
Delphi
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
Lua
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby
.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnoPSQLnouser defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Javayes infoVirtuoso PL
Triggersyesyesnoyes infovia event handlersyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesSharding infono "single point of failure"noneShardingnoneyes
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesselectable replication factor infoRepresentation of geographical distribution of servers is possibleSource-replica replicationyesMulti-source replication in HA-ClusterChain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyesnononoyes
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency infocan be individually decided for each write operation
Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Immediate Consistency in HA-ClusterImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynoyesnoyes inforelationships in graphsyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datano infoAtomicity and isolation are supported for single operationsACIDnoACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyes infoFeatures a multi-generational MVCC architecture, readers do not block writersyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.nonoyesyes
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users can be defined per objectUsers with fine-grained authorization conceptAccess rights for users and rolesFine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)
More information provided by the system vendor
Apache CassandraFirebirdHeroicStardogVirtuoso
Specific characteristicsApache Cassandra is the leading NoSQL, distributed database management system, well...
» more
Virtuoso is a modern multi-model RDBMS for managing data represented as tabular relations...
» more
Competitive advantagesNo single point of failure ensures 100% availability . Operational simplicity for...
» more
Performance & Scale — as exemplified by DBpedia and the LOD Cloud it spawned, i.e.,...
» more
Typical application scenariosInternet of Things (IOT), fraud detection applications, recommendation engines, product...
» more
Used for — Analytics/BI Conceptual Data Virtualization Enterprise Knowledge Graphs...
» more
Key customersApple, Netflix, Uber, ING,, Intuit,Fidelity, NY Times, Outbrain, BazaarVoice, Best...
» more
Broad use across enterprises and governments including — European Union (EU) US Government...
» more
Market metricsApache Cassandra is used by 40% of the Fortune 100.
» more
Largest installed-base ​of Multi-Model RDBMS for AI-friendly Knowledge Graphs Platform...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsApache license  Pricing for commercial distributions provided by DataStax and available...
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Available in both Commercial Enterprise and Open Source (GPL v2) Editions Feature...
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More resources
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