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DBMS > Apache Impala vs. Citus vs. Lovefield vs. Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics

System Properties Comparison Apache Impala vs. Citus vs. Lovefield vs. Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameApache Impala  Xexclude from comparisonCitus  Xexclude from comparisonLovefield  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure Synapse Analytics infopreviously named Azure SQL Data Warehouse  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionAnalytic DBMS for HadoopScalable hybrid operational and analytics RDBMS for big data use cases based on PostgreSQLEmbeddable relational database for web apps written in pure JavaScriptElastic, large scale data warehouse service leveraging the broad eco-system of SQL Server
Primary database modelRelational DBMSRelational DBMSRelational DBMSRelational DBMS
Secondary database modelsDocument storeDocument store
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score12.45
Rank#40  Overall
#24  Relational DBMS
Score2.15
Rank#117  Overall
#56  Relational DBMS
Score0.33
Rank#286  Overall
#131  Relational DBMS
Score19.93
Rank#31  Overall
#19  Relational DBMS
Websiteimpala.apache.orgwww.citusdata.comgoogle.github.io/­lovefieldazure.microsoft.com/­services/­synapse-analytics
Technical documentationimpala.apache.org/­impala-docs.htmldocs.citusdata.comgithub.com/­google/­lovefield/­blob/­master/­docs/­spec_index.mddocs.microsoft.com/­azure/­synapse-analytics
DeveloperApache Software Foundation infoApache top-level project, originally developed by ClouderaGoogleMicrosoft
Initial release2013201020142016
Current release4.1.0, June 20228.1, December 20182.1.12, February 2017
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache Version 2Open Source infoAGPL, commercial license also availableOpen Source infoApache 2.0commercial
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenononoyes
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageC++CJavaScriptC++
Server operating systemsLinuxLinuxserver-less, requires a JavaScript environment (browser, Node.js) infotested with Chrome, Firefox, IE, Safarihosted
Data schemeyesyesyesyes
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.noyes infospecific XML type available, but no XML query functionalitynono
Secondary indexesyesyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL-like DML and DDL statementsyes infostandard, with numerous extensionsSQL-like query language infovia JavaScript builder patternyes
APIs and other access methodsJDBC
ODBC
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
Supported programming languagesAll languages supporting JDBC/ODBC.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
JavaScriptC#
Java
PHP
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresyes infouser defined functions and integration of map-reduceuser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.noTransact SQL
TriggersnoyesUsing read-only observersno
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingShardingnoneSharding, horizontal partitioning
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesselectable replication factorSource-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensionsnoneyes
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyes infoquery execution via MapReducenonono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemEventual ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynoyesyesno infodocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­synapse-analytics/­sql-data-warehouse/­sql-data-warehouse-table-constraints
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datanoACIDACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyes, by using IndexedDB or the cloud service Firebase Realtime Databaseyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.nonoyes infousing MemoryDB
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users, groups and roles infobased on Apache Sentry and Kerberosfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardnoyes

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More resources
Apache ImpalaCitusLovefieldMicrosoft Azure Synapse Analytics infopreviously named Azure SQL Data Warehouse
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