this is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)
Spatial DBMS
Search engine

support for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engine
Time Series DBMS

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer/time-series-analysis

Document store
Graph DBMS

with SAP Hana, Enterprise Edition
Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	13.77
Rank	#40	Overall
	#24	Relational DBMS

Score	0.08
Rank	#347	Overall
	#47	Document stores
	#34	Graph DBMS
	#31	Time Series DBMS

Score	4.38
Rank	#77	Overall
	#41	Relational DBMS

Score	44.69
Rank	#22	Overall
	#16	Relational DBMS

Website

impala.apache.org

bangdb.com

azure.microsoft.com/services/data-explorer

www.sap.com/products/hana.html

Technical documentation

impala.apache.org/impala-docs.html

docs.bangdb.com

docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer

help.sap.com/hana

Developer

Apache Software Foundation

Apache top-level project, originally developed by Cloudera

Sachin Sinha, BangDB

Microsoft

SAP

Initial release

2013

2012

2019

2010

Current release

4.1.0, June 2022

BangDB 2.0, October 2021

cloud service with continuous releases

2.0 SPS07 (April 4, 2023), April 2023

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Apache Version 2

Open Source

BSD 3

commercial

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

also available as a cloud based service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++

C, C++

Server operating systems

Linux

hosted

Appliance or cloud-service

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

Fixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic)

yes

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

yes: string, long, double, int, geospatial, stream, events

yes

bool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/scalar-data-types

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

secondary, composite, nested, reverse, geospatial

all fields are automatically indexed

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

SQL-like DML and DDL statements

SQL like support with command line tool

Kusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subset

yes

APIs and other access methods

JDBC
ODBC

Proprietary protocol
RESTful HTTP API

Microsoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS)
RESTful HTTP API

JDBC
ODBC

Supported programming languages

All languages supporting JDBC/ODBC

C
C#
C++
Java
Python

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PowerShell
Python
R

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

user defined functions and integration of map-reduce

Yes, possible languages: KQL, Python, R

SQLScript, R

Triggers

yes, Notifications (with Streaming only)

yes

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/management/updatepolicy

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

Sharding (enterprise version only). P2P based virtual network overlay with consistent hashing and chord algorithm

Sharding

Implicit feature of the cloud service

yes

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

selectable replication factor

selectable replication factor, Knob for CAP (enterprise version only)

yes

Implicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant.

yes

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

yes

query execution via MapReduce

Spark connector (open source): github.com/Azure/azure-kusto-spark

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Eventual Consistency

Tunable consistency, set CAP knob accordingly

Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

yes, optimistic concurrency control

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

yes, implements WAL (Write ahead log) as well

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes, run db with in-memory only mode

yes

User concepts

Access control

Access rights for users, groups and roles

based on Apache Sentry and Kerberos

yes (enterprise version only)

Azure Active Directory Authentication

yes

More information provided by the system vendor

We invite representatives of system vendors to contact us for updating and extending the system information,
and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.