DBMS > 4D vs. Datomic vs. Ingres vs. ToroDB

System Properties Comparison 4D vs. Datomic vs. Ingres vs. ToroDB

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

ToroDB seems to be discontinued. Therefore it is excluded from the DB-Engines Ranking.

Description

Application development environment with integrated database management system

Datomic builds on immutable values, supports point-in-time queries and uses 3rd party systems for durability

Well established RDBMS

A MongoDB-compatible JSON document store, built on top of PostgreSQL

Primary database model

Relational DBMS

Document store

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	2.47
Rank	#110	Overall
	#54	Relational DBMS

Score	1.66
Rank	#144	Overall
	#66	Relational DBMS

Score	3.80
Rank	#82	Overall
	#44	Relational DBMS

Website

www.4d.com

www.datomic.com

www.actian.com/databases/ingres

github.com/torodb/server

Technical documentation

developer.4d.com

docs.datomic.com

docs.actian.com/ingres

Developer

4D, Inc

Cognitect

Actian Corporation

8Kdata

Initial release

1984

2012

1974

originally developed at University Berkely in early 1970s

2016

Current release

v20, April 2023

1.0.7075, December 2023

11.2, May 2022

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

limited edition free

commercial

Open Source

AGPL-V3

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

Java, Clojure

Java

Server operating systems

OS X
Windows

All OS with a Java VM

AIX
HP Open VMS
HP-UX
Linux
Solaris
Windows

All OS with a Java 7 VM

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

string, integer, double, boolean, date, object_id

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

but tools for importing/exporting data from/to XML-files available

Secondary indexes

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

close to SQL 92

yes

APIs and other access methods

ODBC
RESTful HTTP API

by using 4D Mobile
SOAP webservices

RESTful HTTP API

.NET Client API
JDBC
ODBC
proprietary protocol (OpenAPI)

Supported programming languages

4D proprietary IDE
PHP

Clojure
Java

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

Transaction Functions

yes

Triggers

yes

By using transaction functions

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

none

But extensive use of caching in the application peers

horizontal partitioning

Ingres Star to access multiple databases simultaneously

Sharding

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Multi-source replication

none

But extensive use of caching in the application peers

Ingres Replicator

Source-replica replication

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

MVCC

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

using external storage systems (e.g. Cassandra, DynamoDB, PostgreSQL, Couchbase and others)

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

recommended only for testing and development

User concepts

Access control

Users and groups

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

Access rights for users and roles

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More resources

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