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DBMS > PostgreSQL vs. Stardog vs. Virtuoso

System Properties Comparison PostgreSQL vs. Stardog vs. Virtuoso

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NamePostgreSQL  Xexclude from comparisonStardog  Xexclude from comparisonVirtuoso  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionWidely used open source RDBMS infoDeveloped as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQLEnterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualizationVirtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphs
Primary database modelRelational DBMS infowith object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.Graph DBMS
RDF store
Document store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine
Secondary database modelsDocument store
Spatial DBMS
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score613.83
Rank#4  Overall
#4  Relational DBMS
Score1.77
Rank#158  Overall
#14  Graph DBMS
#6  RDF stores
Score6.39
Rank#68  Overall
#13  Document stores
#3  Graph DBMS
#2  Native XML DBMS
#37  Relational DBMS
#2  RDF stores
#9  Search engines
Websitewww.postgresql.orgwww.stardog.comvirtuoso.openlinksw.com
Technical documentationwww.postgresql.org/­docsdocs.stardog.comdocs.openlinksw.com/­virtuoso
DeveloperPostgreSQL Global Development Group infowww.postgresql.org/­developerStardog-UnionOpenLink Software
Initial release1989 info1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL20101998
Current release15.2, February 20237.3.0, May 20207.2.7, May 2022
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoBSDcommercial info60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/studentsOpen Source infoGPLv2, extended commercial license available
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
  • ScaleGrid for PostgreSQL: Fully managed PostgreSQL DBaaS hosting On-Premises and on clouds such as AWS, Azure, GCP and DigitalOcean with no vendor lock-in. Leverage any extension and get SSH access.
  • Aiven for PostgreSQL: Fully managed and hosted PostgreSQL® with 70+ extensions and orchestration tooling included.
Implementation languageCJavaC
Server operating systemsFreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows
Linux
macOS
Windows
AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
Data schemeyesschema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema supportyes infoSQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.yes infospecific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.no infoImport/export of XML data possibleyes
Secondary indexesyesyes infosupports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatialyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLyes infostandard with numerous extensionsYes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Serveryes infoSQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLX
APIs and other access methodsADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3
ADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT
Supported programming languages.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java infoJDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby
.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresuser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.user defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Javayes infoVirtuoso PL
Triggersyesyes infovia event handlersyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodespartitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hashnoneyes
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesSource-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensionsMulti-source replication in HA-ClusterChain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnonoyes
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency in HA-ClusterImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyesyes inforelationships in graphsyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyesyes
User concepts infoAccess controlfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAccess rights for users and rolesFine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)
More information provided by the system vendor
PostgreSQLStardogVirtuoso
Specific characteristicsStardog is an Enterprise Knowledge Graph platform, uniquely combining graph storage...
» more
Virtuoso is a modern multi-model RDBMS for managing data represented as tabular relations...
» more
Competitive advantagesStardog provides a full featureset to aid in data integration for your complex data....
» more
Performance & Scale — as exemplified by DBpedia and the LOD Cloud it spawned, i.e.,...
» more
Typical application scenariosStardog is frequently used for: Supply chain optimization Operational Risk Digital...
» more
Used for — Analytics/BI Conceptual Data Virtualization Enterprise Knowledge Graphs...
» more
Key customersBosch, NASA, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cisco, Schneider Electric, FINRA and more — https://www.stardog.com/customers/
» more
Broad use across enterprises and governments including — European Union (EU) US Government...
» more
Market metricsStardog's technology is based on ground-breaking research by our founders cited 10,000+...
» more
Largest installed-base ​of Multi-Model RDBMS for AI-friendly Knowledge Graphs Platform...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsYou can start for free! It’s easy to get started using Stardog’s leading Enterprise...
» more
Available in both Commercial Enterprise and Open Source (GPL v2) Editions Feature...
» more

We invite representatives of system vendors to contact us for updating and extending the system information,
and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.

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We invite representatives of vendors of related products to contact us for presenting information about their offerings here.

More resources
PostgreSQLStardogVirtuoso
DB-Engines blog posts

Snowflake is the DBMS of the Year 2022, defending the title from last year
3 January 2023, Matthias Gelbmann, Paul Andlinger

Snowflake is the DBMS of the Year 2021
3 January 2022, Paul Andlinger, Matthias Gelbmann

Driving the Future of PostgreSQL Adoption
15 November 2021,  Umair Shahid, Percona (sponsor) 

show all

Conferences and events

PGCon 2023, PostgreSQL Conference for Users and Developers
Ottawa, Canada, 30 May 2023 - 2 June 2023

Recent citations in the news

Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL Adds Write-Through Cache to Improve ...
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From a Fan: On the Ascendance of PostgreSQL
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provided by Google News

A Stardog App in 5 Easy Steps
5 April 2017, stardog.com

stardog-union/stardog-spring: Spring integration with Stardog RDF database
14 September 2016, github.com

Visualizing the Stardog database
17 July 2019, cambridge-intelligence.com

Virtual Graphs: Relational Data in Stardog
11 January 2017, stardog.com

Northwind SQL vs SPARQL hands-on experience on Knowledge Graph database. | agnos.ai
10 February 2021, Medium

provided by Google News

OIDC and OAuth Protocol Virtualization, using Virtuoso - Virtuoso Universal Server
18 July 2022, community.openlinksw.com

Virtuoso Universal Server
9 October 2011, Wikipedia

Virtuoso
7 January 2022, dbdb.io

OpenLink Software — Virtuoso Universal Server
11 December 2020, wikidata.dbpedia.org

Virtuoso Homepage
31 July 2013, virtuoso.openlinksw.com

provided by Google News

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