DBMS > LevelDB vs. Quasardb vs. RDF4J vs. SpatiaLite vs. Virtuoso

System Properties Comparison LevelDB vs. Quasardb vs. RDF4J vs. SpatiaLite vs. Virtuoso

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Embeddable fast key-value storage library that provides an ordered mapping from string keys to string values

Distributed, high-performance timeseries database

RDF4J is a Java framework for processing RDF data, supporting both memory-based and a disk-based storage.

Spatial extension of SQLite

Virtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphs

Primary database model

Document store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine

Secondary database models

Relational DBMS

Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	2.75
Rank	#107	Overall
	#19	Key-value stores

Score	0.19
Rank	#327	Overall
	#30	Time Series DBMS

Score	0.71
Rank	#231	Overall
	#9	RDF stores

Score	1.72
Rank	#149	Overall
	#3	Spatial DBMS

Score	4.20
Rank	#83	Overall
	#14	Document stores
	#4	Graph DBMS
	#2	Native XML DBMS
	#45	Relational DBMS
	#2	RDF stores
	#9	Search engines

Website

github.com/google/leveldb

quasar.ai

rdf4j.org

www.gaia-gis.it/fossil/libspatialite/index

virtuoso.openlinksw.com

Technical documentation

github.com/google/leveldb/blob/main/doc/index.md

doc.quasar.ai/master

rdf4j.org/documentation

www.gaia-gis.it/gaia-sins/spatialite_topics.html

docs.openlinksw.com/virtuoso

Developer

Google

quasardb

Since 2016 officially forked into an Eclipse project, former developer was Aduna Software.

Alessandro Furieri

OpenLink Software

Initial release

2011

2009

2004

2008

1998

Current release

1.23, February 2021

3.14.1, January 2024

5.0.0, August 2020

7.2.11, September 2023

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

BSD

commercial

Free community edition, Non-profit organizations and non-commercial usage are eligible for free licenses

Open Source

Eclipse Distribution License (EDL), v1.0.

Open Source

MPL 1.1, GPL v2.0 or LGPL v2.1

Open Source

GPLv2, extended commercial license available

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++

Java

C++

Server operating systems

Illumos
Linux
OS X
Windows

BSD
Linux
OS X
Windows

Linux
OS X
Unix
Windows

server-less

AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows

Data scheme

schema-free

yes

RDF Schemas

yes

SQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

integer and binary

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

with tags

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

SQL-like query language

yes

SQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLX

APIs and other access methods

HTTP API

Java API
RIO

RDF Input/Output
Sail API
SeRQL

Sesame RDF Query Language
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SPARQL

ADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT

Supported programming languages

C++
Go
Java

3rd party binding
JavaScript (Node.js)

3rd party binding
Python

3rd party binding

.Net
C
C#
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
R

Java
PHP
Python

.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

Virtuoso PL

Triggers

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

none

Sharding

consistent hashing

none

yes

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

none

Source-replica replication with selectable replication factor

none

Chain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

with Hadoop integration

yes

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Isolation support depends on the API used

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

with automatic compression on writes

yes

by using LevelDB

yes

in-memory storage is supported as well

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

Transient mode

yes

User concepts

Access control

Cryptographically strong user authentication and audit trail

Fine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)

More information provided by the system vendor

Specific characteristics

Virtuoso is a modern multi-model RDBMS for managing data represented as tabular relations...
» more

Competitive advantages

Performance & Scale — as exemplified by DBpedia and the LOD Cloud it spawned, i.e.,...
» more

Typical application scenarios

Used for — Analytics/BI Conceptual Data Virtualization Enterprise Knowledge Graphs...
» more

Key customers

Broad use across enterprises and governments including — European Union (EU) US Government...
» more

Market metrics

Largest installed-base of Multi-Model RDBMS for AI-friendly Knowledge Graphs Platform...
» more

Licensing and pricing models

Available in both Commercial Enterprise and Open Source (GPL v2) Editions Feature...
» more

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and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.

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More resources

DB-Engines blog posts

Spatial database management systems
6 April 2021, Matthias Gelbmann

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