DBMS > Ingres vs. Kuzu vs. Oracle

System Properties Comparison Ingres vs. Kuzu vs. Oracle

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Well established RDBMS

An embeddable property Graph DBMS built for query speed and scalability

Widely used RDBMS

Primary database model

Relational DBMS

Graph DBMS

Relational DBMS

Secondary database models

Document store
Graph DBMS

with Oracle Spatial and Graph
RDF store

with Oracle Spatial and Graph
Spatial DBMS

with Oracle Spatial and Graph
Vector DBMS

since Oracle 23

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	3.28
Rank	#78	Overall
	#42	Relational DBMS

Score	0.02
Rank	#368	Overall
	#38	Graph DBMS

Score	1231.05
Rank	#1	Overall
	#1	Relational DBMS

Website

www.actian.com/databases/ingres

kuzudb.com

www.oracle.com/database

Technical documentation

docs.actian.com/ingres

docs.kuzudb.com

docs.oracle.com/en/database

Developer

Actian Corporation

Oracle

Initial release

1974

originally developed at University Berkely in early 1970s

2022

1980

Current release

12.0, July 2024

0.4.2, May 2024

23c, September 2023

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

Open Source

MIT license

commercial

restricted free version is available

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++

C and C++

Server operating systems

AIX
HP Open VMS
HP-UX
Linux
Solaris
Windows

server-less

AIX
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
z/OS

Data scheme

yes

Schemaless in JSON and XML columns

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

but tools for importing/exporting data from/to XML-files available

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

with proprietary extensions

APIs and other access methods

.NET Client API
JDBC
ODBC
proprietary protocol (OpenAPI)

CLI Client
Cypher Query Language

JDBC
ODBC
ODP.NET
Oracle Call Interface (OCI)

Supported programming languages

C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Python
Rust

C
C#
C++
Clojure
Cobol
Delphi
Eiffel
Erlang
Fortran
Groovy
Haskell
Java
JavaScript
Lisp
Objective C
OCaml
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Scala
Tcl
Visual Basic

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

PL/SQL

also stored procedures in Java possible

Triggers

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

horizontal partitioning

Ingres Star to access multiple databases simultaneously

none

Sharding, horizontal partitioning

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Ingres Replicator

none

Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

can be realized in PL/SQL

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

isolation level can be parameterized

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

MVCC

yes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

Version 12c introduced the new option 'Oracle Database In-Memory'

User concepts

Access control

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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Recent citations in the news

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4 June 2024, PR Newswire

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30 March 2025, Britannica

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