DBMS > GraphDB vs. MariaDB vs. MySQL vs. PostgreSQL vs. QuestDB
System Properties Comparison GraphDB vs. MariaDB vs. MySQL vs. PostgreSQL vs. QuestDB
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| Name | GraphDB  former name: OWLIM Xexclude from comparison | MariaDB Xexclude from comparison | MySQL Xexclude from comparison | PostgreSQL Xexclude from comparison | QuestDB Xexclude from comparison | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | Enterprise-ready RDF and graph database with efficient reasoning, cluster and external index synchronization support. It supports also SQL JDBC access to Knowledge Graph and GraphQL over SPARQL. | MySQL application compatible open source RDBMS, enhanced with high availability, security, interoperability and performance capabilities. MariaDB ColumnStore provides a column-oriented storage engine and MariaDB Xpand supports distributed SQL. | Widely used open source RDBMS | Widely used open source RDBMS Developed as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQL | A high performance open source SQL database for time series data | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary database model | Graph DBMS RDF store | Relational DBMS | Relational DBMS Key/Value like access via memcached API | Relational DBMS with object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module. | Time Series DBMS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary database models | Document store Graph DBMS with OQGraph storage engineSpatial DBMS | Document store Spatial DBMS | Document store Graph DBMS with Apache AgeSpatial DBMS Vector DBMS with pgvector extension | Relational DBMS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Website | www.ontotext.com | mariadb.com Site of MariaDB Corporation mariadb.org Site of MariaDB Foundation | www.mysql.com | www.postgresql.org | questdb.io | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Technical documentation | graphdb.ontotext.com/documentation | mariadb.com/kb/en/library | dev.mysql.com/doc | www.postgresql.org/docs | questdb.io/docs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Developer | Ontotext | MariaDB Corporation Ab (MariaDB Enterprise), MariaDB Foundation (community MariaDB Server) The lead developer Monty Widenius is the original author of MySQL | Oracle since 2010, originally MySQL AB, then Sun | PostgreSQL Global Development Group www.postgresql.org/developer | QuestDB Technology Inc | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Initial release | 2000 | 2009 Fork of MySQL, which was first released in 1995 | 1995 | 1989 1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current release | 10.4, October 2023 | 11.3.2, February 2024 | 8.3.0, January 2024 | 16.2, February 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| License Commercial or Open Source | commercial Some plugins of GraphDB Workbench are open sourced | Open Source GPL version 2, commercial enterprise subscription available | Open Source GPL version 2. Commercial licenses with extended functionallity are available | Open Source BSD | Open Source Apache 2.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cloud-based only Only available as a cloud service | no | no | no | no | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) Database as a Service Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed. | Aiven for MySQL: Fully managed MySQL, deployable in the cloud of your choice, with seamless integrations and lightning-fast setup. | Aiven for PostgreSQL: Fully managed PostgreSQL for developers with 70+ extensions and flexible orchestration tools. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Implementation language | Java | C and C++ | C and C++ | C | Java (Zero-GC), C++, Rust | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Server operating systems | All OS with a Java VM Linux OS X Windows | FreeBSD Linux Solaris Windows ColumnStore storage engine not available on Windows | FreeBSD Linux OS X Solaris Windows | FreeBSD HP-UX Linux NetBSD OpenBSD OS X Solaris Unix Windows | Linux macOS Windows | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Data scheme | schema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support; RDF shapes | yes Dynamic columns are supported | yes | yes | yes schema-free via InfluxDB Line Protocol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Typing predefined data types such as float or date | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| XML support Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT. | no | yes | yes | yes specific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality. | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary indexes | yes, supports real-time synchronization and indexing in SOLR/Elastic search/Lucene and GeoSPARQL geometry data indexes | yes | yes | yes | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SQL Support of SQL | stored SPARQL accessed as SQL using Apache Calcite through JDBC/ODBC | yes with proprietary extensions | yes with proprietary extensions | yes standard with numerous extensions | SQL with time-series extensions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| APIs and other access methods | GeoSPARQL GraphQL GraphQL Federation Java API JDBC RDF4J API RDFS RIO Sail API Sesame REST HTTP Protocol SPARQL 1.1 | ADO.NET JDBC ODBC Proprietary native API | ADO.NET JDBC ODBC Proprietary native API | ADO.NET JDBC native C library ODBC streaming API for large objects | HTTP REST InfluxDB Line Protocol (TCP/UDP) JDBC PostgreSQL wire protocol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Supported programming languages | .Net C# Clojure Java JavaScript (Node.js) PHP Python Ruby Scala | Ada C C# C++ D Eiffel Erlang Go Haskell Java JavaScript (Node.js) Objective-C OCaml Perl PHP Python Ruby Scheme Tcl | Ada C C# C++ D Delphi Eiffel Erlang Haskell Java JavaScript (Node.js) Objective-C OCaml Perl PHP Python Ruby Scheme Tcl | .Net C C++ Delphi Java JDBCJavaScript (Node.js) Perl PHP Python Tcl | C PostgreSQL driver C++ Go Java JavaScript (Node.js) Python Rust over HTTP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Server-side scripts Stored procedures | well-defined plugin interfaces; JavaScript server-side extensibility | yes PL/SQL compatibility added with version 10.3 | yes proprietary syntax | user defined functions realized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc. | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Triggers | no | yes | yes | yes | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Partitioning methods Methods for storing different data on different nodes | none | several options for horizontal partitioning and Sharding | horizontal partitioning, sharding with MySQL Cluster or MySQL Fabric | partitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hash | horizontal partitioning (by timestamps) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Replication methods Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes | Multi-source replication | Multi-source replication Source-replica replication | Multi-source replication Source-replica replication | Source-replica replication other methods possible by using 3rd party extensions | Source-replica replication with eventual consistency | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MapReduce Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods | no | no | no | no | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consistency concepts Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system | Immediate Consistency, Eventual consistency (configurable in cluster mode per master or individual client request) | Immediate Consistency | Immediate Consistency | Immediate Consistency | Immediate Consistency | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign keys Referential integrity | yes Constraint checking | yes not for MyISAM storage engine | yes not for MyISAM storage engine | yes | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction concepts Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data | ACID | ACID not for MyISAM storage engine | ACID not for MyISAM storage engine | ACID | ACID for single-table writes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Concurrency Support for concurrent manipulation of data | yes | yes | yes table locks or row locks depending on storage engine | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Durability Support for making data persistent | yes | yes not for in-memory storage engine | yes | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In-memory capabilities Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only. | yes with MEMORY storage engine | yes | no | yes through memory mapped files | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| User concepts Access control | Default Basic authentication through RDF4J client, or via Java when run with cURL, default token-based in the Workbench or via Rest API, optional access through OpenID or Kerberos single sign-on. | fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard | Users with fine-grained authorization concept no user groups or roles | fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| More information provided by the system vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GraphDB former name: OWLIM | MariaDB | MySQL | PostgreSQL | QuestDB | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific characteristics | Ontotext GraphDB is a semantic database engine that allows organizations to build... » more | MariaDB is the most powerful open source relational database – modern SQL and JSON... » more | Relational model with native time series support Column-based storage and time partitioned... » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Competitive advantages | GraphDB allows you to link text and data in big knowledge graphs. It’s easy to experiment... » more | MariaDB Servers have many features unavailable in other open source relational databases.... » more | High ingestion throughput: peak of 4M rows/sec (TSBS Benchmark) Code optimizations... » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Typical application scenarios | Metadata enrichment and management, linked data publishing, semantic inferencing... » more | Web, SaaS and Cloud operational applications that require high availability, scalability... » more | Financial tick data Industrial IoT Application Metrics Monitoring » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Key customers | GraphDB provides a platform for building next-generation AI and Knowledge Graph... » more | Deutsche Bank, DBS Bank, Nasdaq, Red Hat, ServiceNow, Verizon and Walgreens Featured... » more | Banks & Hedge funds, Yahoo, OKX, Airbus, Aquis Exchange, Net App, Cloudera, Airtel,... » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Market metrics | GraphDB is the most utilized semantic triplestore for mission-critical enterprise... » more | MariaDB is the default database in the LAMP stack supplied by Red Hat and SUSE Linux,... » more | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Licensing and pricing models | GraphDB Free is a non-commercial version and is free to use. GraphDB Enterprise edition... » more | MariaDB plc subscriptions cover our free, open source database, Community Server,... » more | Open source Apache 2.0 QuestDB Enterprise QuestDB Cloud » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| News | Scaling Understanding with the Help of Feedback Loops, Knowledge Graphs and NLP How Knowledge Graphs Power Data Mesh and Data Fabric Building Smarter Financial Services: The Role of Semantic Technologies, Knowledge Graphs and Generative AI Using GraphDB’s Natural Language Interface to Talk with Your Content Choosing A Graph Data Model to Best Serve Your Use Case | Does "vpmovzxbd" Scare You? Here's Why it Doesn't Have To Create an ADS-B flight radar with QuestDB and a Raspberry Pi Build a temperature IoT sensor with Raspberry Pi Pico & QuestDB Create an IoT server with QuestDB and a Raspberry Pi TimescaleDB vs. QuestDB: Performance benchmarks and overview | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
We invite representatives of system vendors to contact us for updating and extending the system information, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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» more Redgate webinars: A series of key topics for new PostgreSQL users. » more pgDash: In-Depth PostgreSQL Monitoring. » more CYBERTEC is your professional partner in PostgreSQL topics for over 20 years. As our main aim is to be your single-source all-in-one IT service provider, we offer a wide range of products and services. Visit our website for more details. » more Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres: An Enterprise Grade PostgreSQL with the flexibility of a hybrid cloud solution combined with industry leading security, availability and performance. » more Aiven for PostgreSQL: Fully managed PostgreSQL for developers with 70+ extensions and flexible orchestration tools. » more Timescale: Calling all PostgreSQL users – the 2023 State of PostgreSQL survey is now open! Share your favorite extensions, preferred frameworks, community experiences, and more. Take the survey today! » more Navicat for PostgreSQL is an easy-to-use graphical tool for PostgreSQL database development. » more Navicat Monitor is a safe, simple and agentless remote server monitoring tool for PostgreSQL and many other database management systems. » more Instaclustr: Fully Hosted & Managed PostgreSQL » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| More resources | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GraphDB former name: OWLIM | MariaDB | MySQL | PostgreSQL | QuestDB | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DB-Engines blog posts | MariaDB strengthens its position in the open source RDBMS market PostgreSQL is the DBMS of the Year 2017 Big gains for Relational Database Management Systems in DB-Engines Ranking | MySQL is the DBMS of the Year 2019 MariaDB strengthens its position in the open source RDBMS market The struggle for the hegemony in Oracle's database empire | PostgreSQL is the DBMS of the Year 2023 Snowflake is the DBMS of the Year 2022, defending the title from last year Snowflake is the DBMS of the Year 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conferences, events and webinars | Monitoring PostgreSQL with Redgate Monitor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recent citations in the news | Ontotext's GraphDB Solution is Now Available on the Microsoft Azure Marketplace Ontotext Unveils GraphDB 10.4 with Enhanced AWS Integration and ChatGPT Connector Ontotext GraphDB is available on Azure, delivers rich knowledge graph experience Ontotext Platform 3.0 for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs Released Ontotext's GraphDB 8.10 Makes Knowledge Graph Experience Faster and Richer provided by Google News | RECOMMENDED CASH OFFER for MARIADB plc by MERIDIAN BIDCO LLC which is an Affiliate of K1 INVESTMENT ... Struggling database company MariaDB could be taken private in $37M deal Azure Database for MariaDB will be retired on 19 September 2025 – Migrate to Azure Database for MySQL Flexible ... Can MariaDB’s enterprise business be saved? Progress Software Corp. Statement regarding a Possible Offer for MariaDB plc provided by Google News | Amazon Aurora MySQL version 2 (with MySQL 5.7 compatibility) to version 3 (with MySQL 8.0 compatibility) upgrade ... PostgreSQL or MySQL: What Should I Choose for My Full-Stack Project? Zendesk Moves from DynamoDB to MySQL and S3 to Save over 80% in Costs MySQL HeatWave Lakehouse Support for Parquet and Avro file formats General Availability: Azure Database for MySQL Import feature for Azure Database for MySQL Single to Flexible Server ... provided by Google News | Leveraging PostgreSQL for Cutting-Edge Generative AI Applications: Insights from Google's Product Managers Handle tables without primary keys while creating Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL zero-ETL integrations with Amazon ... Introducing OCI Database with PostgreSQL: Completing Our Cloud Database Suite for Every Need PostgreSQL or MySQL: What Should I Choose for My Full-Stack Project? PeerDB raises $3.6M to accelerate PostgreSQL data movement provided by Google News | QuestDB snares $12M Series A with hosted version coming soon SQL Extensions for Time-Series Data in QuestDB QuestDB gets $12M Series A funding amid growing interest in time-series databases Read the Pitch Deck Database Startup QuestDB Used to Raise $12 Million Comparing Different Time-Series Databases provided by Google News | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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