this is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)
Search engine

support for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engine
Time Series DBMS

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer/time-series-analysis

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	24.94
Rank	#32	Overall
	#19	Relational DBMS

Score	3.00
Rank	#105	Overall
	#19	Key-value stores
	#1	Object oriented DBMS
	#54	Relational DBMS

Score	7.30
Rank	#60	Overall
	#34	Relational DBMS

Score	1.08
Rank	#171	Overall
	#14	Graph DBMS

Website

www.firebirdsql.org

www.intersystems.com/products/cache

azure.microsoft.com/services/data-explorer

github.com/vesoft-inc/nebula
nebula-graph.io

Technical documentation

www.firebirdsql.org/en/reference-manuals

docs.intersystems.com

docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer

docs.nebula-graph.io

Developer

Firebird Foundation

InterSystems

Microsoft

Vesoft Inc.

Initial release

2000

As fork of Borland's InterBase

1997

2019

Current release

4.0.1, December 2021

2018.1.4, May 2020

cloud service with continuous releases

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Initial Developer's Public License

commercial

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0 + Common Clause 1.0

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C and C++

C++

Server operating systems

AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
server-less

Firebird Embedded Server
Solaris
Unix
Windows

AIX
HP Open VMS
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows

hosted

Linux

Data scheme

yes

depending on used data model

Fixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic)

Strong typed schema

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

bool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/scalar-data-types

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

all fields are automatically indexed

yes

Nebula Graph internally uses the Key-Value store RocksDB for persistency. The vertices, edges, and their properties are stored as Key while their values are stored as Value. The primary indexes are per Key and secondary indexes are per Value.

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

Kusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subset

SQL-like query language

APIs and other access methods

ADO.NET
C/C++ API
JDBC

Jaybird
ODBC
OLE DB

.NET Client API
JDBC
ODBC
RESTful HTTP API

Microsoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS)
RESTful HTTP API

Browser interface
console (shell)
Proprietary native API
Query language nGQL

Supported programming languages

C
C#
C++
Delphi
Java
JavaScript

Node.js
Lua
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby

C#
C++
Java

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PowerShell
Python
R

C++
Go
Java
Python

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

PSQL

yes

Yes, possible languages: KQL, Python, R

Triggers

yes

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/management/updatepolicy

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

none

Sharding

Implicit feature of the cloud service

Sharding

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

none

available via 3rd party products

Source-replica replication

yes

Implicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant.

Causal Clustering using Raft protocol

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Relationships in graphs

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Features a multi-generational MVCC architecture, readers do not block writers

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

using RocksDB

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Users with fine-grained authorization concept

Access rights for users, groups and roles

Azure Active Directory Authentication

Role-based access control

More information provided by the system vendor

Specific characteristics

Azure Data Explorer is a fast and highly scalable data exploration service for log...
» more

Nebula Graph is a truly distributed, linearly scalable, lightning-fast graph database,...
» more

Competitive advantages

Kusto Query Language (innovative query language, optimized for high performance data...
» more

Nebula Graph boasts the world's only graph database solution that is able to host...
» more

Typical application scenarios

IoT applications IoT devices generate billions of sensor readings. Normalizing and...
» more

Social networking Fraud detection Knowledge graph Data warehouse management Anti...
» more

Key customers

Microsoft, DocuSign, Taboola, Bosch, Siemens Healthineers, Bühler, Ecolab, Zoomd
» more

Currently we have some top internet companies in China implementing Nebula Graph...
» more

Market metrics

Azure Data Explorer is the data service for Azure Monitor, Azure Time Series Insights,...
» more

At our very early stage, Nebula Graph has already received 3.5k stars and thousands...
» more

Licensing and pricing models

An Azure Data Explorer cluster is a pair of engine and data management clusters which...
» more

Nebula Graph is open source and free to use under Apache 2.0 license and Common Clause...
» more

We invite representatives of system vendors to contact us for updating and extending the system information,
and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.

Related products and services

We invite representatives of vendors of related products to contact us for presenting information about their offerings here.

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