DBMS > Firebird vs. GraphDB vs. Neo4j vs. ScyllaDB vs. SingleStore
System Properties Comparison Firebird vs. GraphDB vs. Neo4j vs. ScyllaDB vs. SingleStore
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| Name | Firebird Xexclude from comparison | GraphDB  former name: OWLIM Xexclude from comparison | Neo4j Xexclude from comparison | ScyllaDB Xexclude from comparison | SingleStore former name was MemSQL Xexclude from comparison | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | Firebird is an open source RDBMS forked from Borland's InterBase | Enterprise-ready RDF and graph database with efficient reasoning, cluster and external index synchronization support. It supports also SQL JDBC access to Knowledge Graph and GraphQL over SPARQL. | Scalable, ACID-compliant graph database designed with a high-performance distributed cluster architecture, available in self-hosted and cloud offerings | Cassandra and DynamoDB compatible wide column store | MySQL wire-compliant distributed RDBMS that combines an in-memory row-oriented and a disc-based column-oriented storage with patented universal storage to handle transactional and analytical workloads in one single table type | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary database model | Relational DBMS | Graph DBMS RDF store | Graph DBMS | Wide column store | Relational DBMS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary database models | Key-value store | Document store Spatial DBMS Time Series DBMS Vector DBMS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Website | www.firebirdsql.org | www.ontotext.com | neo4j.com | www.scylladb.com | www.singlestore.com | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Technical documentation | www.firebirdsql.org/en/reference-manuals | graphdb.ontotext.com/documentation | neo4j.com/docs | docs.scylladb.com | docs.singlestore.com | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Social network pages |      | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developer | Firebird Foundation | Ontotext | Neo4j, Inc. | ScyllaDB | SingleStore Inc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Initial release | 2000 As fork of Borland's InterBase | 2000 | 2007 | 2015 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current release | 5.0.0, January 2024 | 10.4, October 2023 | 5.19, April 2024 | ScyllaDB Open Source 5.4.1, January 2024 | 8.5, January 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| License Commercial or Open Source | Open Source Initial Developer's Public License | commercial Some plugins of GraphDB Workbench are open sourced | Open Source GPL version3, commercial licenses available | Open Source Open Source (AGPL), commercial license available | commercial free developer edition available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cloud-based only Only available as a cloud service | no | no | no | no | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) Database as a Service Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed. | Neo4j Aura: Neo4j’s fully managed cloud service: The zero-admin, always-on graph database for cloud developers. | Scylla Cloud: Create real-time applications that run at global scale with Scylla Cloud, the industry’s most powerful NoSQL DBaaS | SingleStoreDB Cloud: The world's fastest, modern cloud database for both operational (OLTP) and analytical (OLAP) workloads. Available instantly with multi-cloud and hybrid-cloud capabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Implementation language | C and C++ | Java | Java, Scala | C++ | C++, Go | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Server operating systems | AIX FreeBSD HP-UX Linux OS X server-less Firebird Embedded ServerSolaris Unix Windows | All OS with a Java VM Linux OS X Windows | Linux Can also be used server-less as embedded Java database. OS X Solaris Windows | Linux | Linux 64 bit version required | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Data scheme | yes | schema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support; RDF shapes | schema-free and schema-optional | schema-free | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Typing predefined data types such as float or date | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| XML support Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT. | no | no | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary indexes | yes | yes, supports real-time synchronization and indexing in SOLR/Elastic search/Lucene and GeoSPARQL geometry data indexes | yes pluggable indexing subsystem, by default Apache Lucene | yes cluster global secondary indices | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SQL Support of SQL | yes | stored SPARQL accessed as SQL using Apache Calcite through JDBC/ODBC | no | SQL-like DML and DDL statements (CQL) | yes but no triggers and foreign keys | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| APIs and other access methods | ADO.NET C/C++ API JDBC JaybirdODBC OLE DB | GeoSPARQL GraphQL GraphQL Federation Java API JDBC RDF4J API RDFS RIO Sail API Sesame REST HTTP Protocol SPARQL 1.1 | Bolt protocol Cypher query language Java API Neo4j-OGM Object Graph MapperRESTful HTTP API Spring Data Neo4j TinkerPop 3 | Proprietary protocol (CQL) compatible with CQL (Cassandra Query Language, an SQL-like language) RESTful HTTP API (DynamoDB compatible) Thrift | Cluster Management API as HTTP Rest and CLI HTTP API JDBC MongoDB API ODBC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Supported programming languages | C C# C++ Delphi Java JavaScript Node.jsLua Perl PHP Python Ruby | .Net C# Clojure Java JavaScript (Node.js) PHP Python Ruby Scala | .Net Clojure Elixir Go Groovy Haskell Java JavaScript Perl PHP Python Ruby Scala | For CQL interface: C#, C++, Clojure, Erlang, Go, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Node.js, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Rust, Scala For DynamoDB interface: .Net, ColdFusion, Erlang, Groovy, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby | Bash C C# Java JavaScript (Node.js) Python | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Server-side scripts Stored procedures | PSQL | well-defined plugin interfaces; JavaScript server-side extensibility | yes User defined Procedures and Functions | yes, Lua | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Triggers | yes | no | yes via event handler | no | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Partitioning methods Methods for storing different data on different nodes | none | none | yes using Neo4j Fabric | Sharding | Sharding hash partitioning | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Replication methods Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes | Source-replica replication | Multi-source replication | Causal Clustering using Raft protocol available in in Enterprise Version only | selectable replication factor Representation of geographical distribution of servers is possible | Source-replica replication stores two copies of each physical data partition on two separate nodes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MapReduce Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods | no | no | no | no | no can define user-defined aggregate functions for map-reduce-style calculations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consistency concepts Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system | Immediate Consistency, Eventual consistency (configurable in cluster mode per master or individual client request) | Causal and Eventual Consistency configurable in Causal Cluster setup Immediate Consistency in stand-alone mode | Eventual Consistency Tunable Consistency can be individually decided for each write operation | Immediate Consistency | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign keys Referential integrity | yes | yes Constraint checking | yes Relationships in graphs | no | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction concepts Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data | ACID | ACID | ACID | no Atomicity and isolation are supported for single operations | ACID | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Concurrency Support for concurrent manipulation of data | yes Features a multi-generational MVCC architecture, readers do not block writers | yes | yes | yes | yes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Durability Support for making data persistent | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes All updates are persistent, including those to disk-based columnstores and memory-based row stores. Transaction commits are supported via write-ahead log. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In-memory capabilities Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only. | yes in-memory tables | yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| User concepts Access control | Users with fine-grained authorization concept | Default Basic authentication through RDF4J client, or via Java when run with cURL, default token-based in the Workbench or via Rest API, optional access through OpenID or Kerberos single sign-on. | Users, roles and permissions. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos) | Access rights for users can be defined per object | Fine grained access control via users, groups and roles | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| More information provided by the system vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Firebird | GraphDB former name: OWLIM | Neo4j | ScyllaDB | SingleStore former name was MemSQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific characteristics | Ontotext GraphDB is a semantic database engine that allows organizations to build... » more | Neo4j delivers graph technology that has been battle tested for performance and scale... » more | ScyllaDB is engineered to deliver predictable performance at scale. It’s adopted... » more | SingleStore offers a fully-managed , distributed, highly-scalable SQL database designed... » more | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Competitive advantages | GraphDB allows you to link text and data in big knowledge graphs. It’s easy to experiment... » more | Neo4j is the market leader, graph database category creator, and the most widely... » more | Highly-performant (efficiently utilizes full resources of a node and network; millions... » more | SingleStore’s competitive advantages include: Easy and Simplified Architecture with... » more | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Typical application scenarios | Metadata enrichment and management, linked data publishing, semantic inferencing... » more | Real-Time Recommendations Master Data Management Identity and Access Management Network... » more | ScyllaDB is ideal for applications that require high throughput and low latency at... » more | Driving Fast Analytics: SingleStore delivers the fastest and most scalable reporting... » more | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Key customers | GraphDB provides a platform for building next-generation AI and Knowledge Graph... » more | Over 800 commercial customers and over 4300 startups use Neo4j. Flagship customers... » more | Discord, Epic Games, Expedia, Zillow, Comcast, Disney+ Hotstar, Samsung, ShareChat,... » more | IEX Cloud : Improves Financial Data Distribution Speed 15x with Singlestore DB Comcast,... » more | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Market metrics | GraphDB is the most utilized semantic triplestore for mission-critical enterprise... » more | Neo4j boasts the world's largest graph database ecosystem with more than 140 million... » more | ScyllaDB typically offers ~75% total cost of ownership savings, with ~5X higher throughput... » more | Customers in various industries worldwide including US and International Industry... » more | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Licensing and pricing models | GraphDB Free is a non-commercial version and is free to use. GraphDB Enterprise edition... » more | GPL v3 license that can be used all the places where you might use MySQL. Neo4j Commercial... » more | ScyllaDB Open Source - free open source software (AGPL) ScyllaDB Enterprise - subscription-based... » more | F ree Tier and Enterprise Edition » more | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| News | Scaling Understanding with the Help of Feedback Loops, Knowledge Graphs and NLP How Knowledge Graphs Power Data Mesh and Data Fabric Building Smarter Financial Services: The Role of Semantic Technologies, Knowledge Graphs and Generative AI Using GraphDB’s Natural Language Interface to Talk with Your Content Choosing A Graph Data Model to Best Serve Your Use Case | This Week in Neo4j: Google Cloud, Analysis, Knowledge Graph, Relationships and more Announcing NODES 2024: Submit Your Talk ISO GQL: A Defining Moment in the History of Database Innovation This Week in Neo4j: Podcast, RAG, Neo4j Guide, ERP and more Neo4j Brings GraphRAG Capabilities for GenAI to Google Cloud | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| More resources | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Firebird | GraphDB former name: OWLIM | Neo4j | ScyllaDB | SingleStore former name was MemSQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DB-Engines blog posts | Applying Graph Analytics to Game of Thrones MySQL, PostgreSQL and Redis are the winners of the March ranking The openCypher Project: Help Shape the SQL for Graphs | Turbocharge Your Application Development Using WebAssembly With SingleStoreDB Cloud-Based Analytics With SingleStoreDB SingleStore: The Increasing Momentum of Multi-Model Database Systems DoNot Team's New Firebird Backdoor Hits Pakistan and Afghanistan FIREBIRD'S HUBBARD TALKS DATA, AI, TIKTOK Firebird - Analyst, Digital Marketing (US) Albany Firebirds single-game tickets on sale Friday How to Run Multiple Instances of Firebird Server - opensource for you provided by Google News Ontotext's GraphDB Solution is Now Available on the Microsoft Azure Marketplace Ontotext Unveils GraphDB 10.4 with Enhanced AWS Integration and ChatGPT Connector Ontotext GraphDB is available on Azure, delivers rich knowledge graph experience Ontotext Platform 3.0 for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs Released Ontotext's GraphDB 8.10 Makes Knowledge Graph Experience Faster and Richer provided by Google News Neo4j Welcomes New GQL International Standard in Major Milestone for Database Industry USA - English Using Neo4j’s graph database for AI in Azure Neo4j, Microsoft add graph features to Azure AI services Leveraging Neo4j and Amazon Bedrock for an Explainable, Secure, and Connected Generative AI Solution | Amazon ... Neo4j Is Planning IPO on Nasdaq, Largest Owner Greenbridge Says provided by Google News ScyllaDB on AWS is a NoSQL Database Built for Gigabyte-to-Petabyte Scale | Amazon Web Services Scylla Eyes Cassandra's NoSQL Workloads ScyllaDB Database Review | eWeek Scylla vs Cassandra: Performance Comparison - DataScienceCentral.com ScyllaDB Launches Scylla Cloud Database as a Service provided by Google News SingleStore CEO sees little future for purpose-built vector databases SingleStore Announces Exclusive Partnership with Agile Platform SingleStore adds indexed vector search to Pro Max release for faster AI work – Blocks and Files Leveraging SingleStoreDB Cloud Private Connectivity Using AWS PrivateLink | Amazon Web Services Announcing watsonx.ai and SingleStore for generative AI applications provided by Google News | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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