DBMS > Elasticsearch vs. RDF4J vs. XTDB

System Properties Comparison Elasticsearch vs. RDF4J vs. XTDB

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

A distributed, RESTful modern search and analytics engine based on Apache Lucene

Elasticsearch lets you perform and combine many types of searches such as structured, unstructured, geo, and metric

RDF4J is a Java framework for processing RDF data, supporting both memory-based and a disk-based storage.

A general purpose database with bitemporal SQL and Datalog and graph queries

Primary database model

Search engine
Vector DBMS

RDF store

Document store

Secondary database models

Document store
Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	131.38
Rank	#8	Overall
	#1	Search engines
	#1	Vector DBMS

Score	0.77
Rank	#208	Overall
	#7	RDF stores

Score	0.19
Rank	#314	Overall
	#46	Document stores

Website

www.elastic.co/elasticsearch

rdf4j.org

github.com/xtdb/xtdb
www.xtdb.com

Technical documentation

www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/index.html

rdf4j.org/documentation

www.xtdb.com/docs

Developer

Elastic

Since 2016 officially forked into an Eclipse project, former developer was Aduna Software.

Juxt Ltd.

Initial release

2010

2004

2019

Current release

8.6, January 2023

1.19, September 2021

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Elastic License

Open Source

Eclipse Distribution License (EDL), v1.0.

Open Source

MIT License

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

Java

Clojure

Server operating systems

All OS with a Java VM

Linux
OS X
Unix
Windows

All OS with a Java 8 (and higher) VM
Linux

Data scheme

schema-free

Flexible type definitions. Once a type is defined, it is persistent

yes

RDF Schemas

schema-free

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

yes, extensible-data-notation format

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

Secondary indexes

yes

All search fields are automatically indexed

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

SQL-like query language

limited SQL, making use of Apache Calcite

APIs and other access methods

Java API
RESTful HTTP/JSON API

Java API
RIO

RDF Input/Output
Sail API
SeRQL

Sesame RDF Query Language
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SPARQL

HTTP REST
JDBC

Supported programming languages

.Net
Groovy
Community Contributed Clients
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby

Java
PHP
Python

Clojure
Java

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

Triggers

yes

by using the 'percolation' feature

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

yes

none

yes, each node contains all data

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

ES-Hadoop Connector

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Eventual Consistency

Synchronous doc based replication. Get by ID may show delays up to 1 sec. Configurable write consistency: one, quorum, all

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Isolation support depends on the API used

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

in-memory storage is supported as well

yes, flexibel persistency by using storage technologies like Apache Kafka, RocksDB or LMDB

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

Memcached and Redis integration

User concepts

Access control

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More resources

DB-Engines blog posts

PostgreSQL is the DBMS of the Year 2017
2 January 2018, Paul Andlinger, Matthias Gelbmann

Elasticsearch moved into the top 10 most popular database management systems
3 July 2017, Matthias Gelbmann

MySQL, PostgreSQL and Redis are the winners of the March ranking
2 March 2016, Paul Andlinger

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Recent citations in the news

Amazon OpenSearch Service announces Standard and Extended Support dates for Elasticsearch and OpenSearch versions
7 November 2024, AWS Blog

Elasticsearch will be open source again as CTO declares changed landscape
2 September 2024, DevClass

Report: OpenSearch Bests ElasticSearch at Vector Modeling
18 March 2025, The New Stack

Elastic Introduces Better Binary Quantization Technique in Elasticsearch
11 November 2024, Business Wire

The Elasticsearch cloud now subject to open-source licence
3 September 2024, TechHQ

provided by Google News

Figure 6. Memory consumption of RDF4J, Jena TDB, Virtuoso. (a) Memory...
11 June 2020, ResearchGate

provided by Google News

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