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DBMS > Apache Impala vs. Elasticsearch vs. Microsoft Azure AI Search vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database

System Properties Comparison Apache Impala vs. Elasticsearch vs. Microsoft Azure AI Search vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameApache Impala  Xexclude from comparisonElasticsearch  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure AI Search  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure Data Explorer  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL Azure  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionAnalytic DBMS for HadoopA distributed, RESTful modern search and analytics engine based on Apache Lucene infoElasticsearch lets you perform and combine many types of searches such as structured, unstructured, geo, and metricSearch-as-a-service for web and mobile app developmentFully managed big data interactive analytics platformDatabase as a Service offering with high compatibility to Microsoft SQL Server
Primary database modelRelational DBMSSearch engineSearch engineRelational DBMS infocolumn orientedRelational DBMS
Secondary database modelsDocument storeDocument store
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS
Vector DBMSDocument store infoIf a column is of type dynamic docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­scalar-data-types/­dynamic then it's possible to add arbitrary JSON documents in this cell
Event Store infothis is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)
Spatial DBMS
Search engine infosupport for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engine
Time Series DBMS infosee docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­data-explorer/­time-series-analysis
Document store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score14.03
Rank#40  Overall
#24  Relational DBMS
Score134.78
Rank#7  Overall
#1  Search engines
Score5.71
Rank#64  Overall
#8  Search engines
Score5.16
Rank#69  Overall
#37  Relational DBMS
Score78.40
Rank#15  Overall
#10  Relational DBMS
Websiteimpala.apache.orgwww.elastic.co/­elasticsearchazure.microsoft.com/­en-us/­services/­searchazure.microsoft.com/­services/­data-explorerazure.microsoft.com/­en-us/­products/­azure-sql/­database
Technical documentationimpala.apache.org/­impala-docs.htmlwww.elastic.co/­guide/­en/­elasticsearch/­reference/­current/­index.htmllearn.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­searchdocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­data-explorerdocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­azure-sql
DeveloperApache Software Foundation infoApache top-level project, originally developed by ClouderaElasticMicrosoftMicrosoftMicrosoft
Initial release20132010201520192010
Current release4.1.0, June 20228.6, January 2023V1cloud service with continuous releasesV12
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache Version 2Open Source infoElastic Licensecommercialcommercialcommercial
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonoyesyesyes
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageC++JavaC++
Server operating systemsLinuxAll OS with a Java VMhostedhostedhosted
Data schemeyesschema-free infoFlexible type definitions. Once a type is defined, it is persistentyesFixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic)yes
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyes infobool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­scalar-data-typesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nononoyesyes
Secondary indexesyesyes infoAll search fields are automatically indexedyesall fields are automatically indexedyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL-like DML and DDL statementsSQL-like query languagenoKusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subsetyes
APIs and other access methodsJDBC
ODBC
Java API
RESTful HTTP/JSON API
RESTful HTTP APIMicrosoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS)
RESTful HTTP API
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
Supported programming languagesAll languages supporting JDBC/ODBC.Net
Groovy
Community Contributed Clients
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
C#
Java
JavaScript
Python
.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PowerShell
Python
R
.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresyes infouser defined functions and integration of map-reduceyesnoYes, possible languages: KQL, Python, RTransact SQL
Triggersnoyes infoby using the 'percolation' featurenoyes infosee docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­management/­updatepolicyyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingShardingSharding infoImplicit feature of the cloud serviceSharding infoImplicit feature of the cloud service
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesselectable replication factoryesyes infoImplicit feature of the cloud serviceyes infoImplicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant.yes, with always 3 replicas available
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyes infoquery execution via MapReduceES-Hadoop ConnectornoSpark connector (open source): github.com/­Azure/­azure-kusto-sparkno
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemEventual ConsistencyEventual Consistency infoSynchronous doc based replication. Get by ID may show delays up to 1 sec. Configurable write consistency: one, quorum, allImmediate ConsistencyEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynonononoyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datanonononoACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noMemcached and Redis integrationnono
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users, groups and roles infobased on Apache Sentry and Kerberosyes infousing Azure authenticationAzure Active Directory Authenticationfine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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More resources
Apache ImpalaElasticsearchMicrosoft Azure AI SearchMicrosoft Azure Data ExplorerMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL Azure
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