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DBMS > Apache Impala vs. Cassandra vs. Microsoft SQL Server vs. OceanBase vs. ToroDB

System Properties Comparison Apache Impala vs. Cassandra vs. Microsoft SQL Server vs. OceanBase vs. ToroDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameApache Impala  Xexclude from comparisonCassandra  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft SQL Server  Xexclude from comparisonOceanBase  Xexclude from comparisonToroDB  Xexclude from comparison
ToroDB seems to be discontinued. Therefore it is excluded from the DB-Engines Ranking.
DescriptionAnalytic DBMS for HadoopWide-column store based on ideas of BigTable and DynamoDB infoOptimized for write accessMicrosofts flagship relational DBMSA distributed, high available RDBMS compatible with Oracle and MySQLA MongoDB-compatible JSON document store, built on top of PostgreSQL
Primary database modelRelational DBMSWide column storeRelational DBMSRelational DBMSDocument store
Secondary database modelsDocument storeVector DBMS infostarting with release V5Document store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
Document store
Wide column store
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score14.03
Rank#40  Overall
#24  Relational DBMS
Score103.86
Rank#12  Overall
#1  Wide column stores
Score829.80
Rank#3  Overall
#3  Relational DBMS
Score1.56
Rank#153  Overall
#71  Relational DBMS
Websiteimpala.apache.orgcassandra.apache.orgwww.microsoft.com/­en-us/­sql-serveren.oceanbase.comgithub.com/­torodb/­server
Technical documentationimpala.apache.org/­impala-docs.htmlcassandra.apache.org/­doc/­latestlearn.microsoft.com/­en-US/­sql/­sql-serveren.oceanbase.com/­docs/­oceanbase-database
DeveloperApache Software Foundation infoApache top-level project, originally developed by ClouderaApache Software Foundation infoApache top level project, originally developped by FacebookMicrosoftOceanBase infopreviously Alibaba and Ant Group8Kdata
Initial release20132008198920112016
Current release4.1.0, June 20224.1.3, July 2023SQL Server 2022, November 20223.2.3, March 2022
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache Version 2Open Source infoApache version 2commercial inforestricted free version is availableOpen Source infoCommercial license availableOpen Source infoAGPL-V3
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Astra DB: Multi-cloud DBaaS built on Apache Cassandra.
Implementation languageC++JavaC++C++Java
Server operating systemsLinuxBSD
Linux
OS X
Windows
Linux
Windows
LinuxAll OS with a Java 7 VM
Data schemeyesschema-freeyesyesschema-free
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyesyes infostring, integer, double, boolean, date, object_id
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyesnono
Secondary indexesyesrestricted infoonly equality queries, not always the best performing solutionyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL-like DML and DDL statementsSQL-like SELECT, DML and DDL statements (CQL)yesyes
APIs and other access methodsJDBC
ODBC
Proprietary protocol infoCQL (Cassandra Query Language, an SQL-like language)
Thrift
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
OLE DB
Tabular Data Stream (TDS)
JDBC
ODBC
ODP.NET
Oracle Call Interface (OCI)
Proprietary native API
Table API
Supported programming languagesAll languages supporting JDBC/ODBCC#
C++
Clojure
Erlang
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
C#
C++
Delphi
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Visual Basic
Ada infoin MySQL-compatible model
C infoin Oracle- and MySQL- compatible models
C++ infoin Oracle- and MySQL- compatible models
D infoin MySQL-compatible model
Delphi infoin MySQL-compatible model
Eiffel infoin MySQL-compatible model
Erlang infoin MySQL-compatible model
Haskell infoin MySQL-compatible model
Java infoin Oracle- and MySQL- compatible models
JavaScript (Node.js) infoin MySQL-compatible model
Objective-C infoin MySQL-compatible model
OCaml infoin MySQL-compatible model
Perl infoin MySQL-compatible model
PHP infoin MySQL-compatible model
Python infoin MySQL-compatible model
Ruby infoin MySQL-compatible model
Scheme infoin MySQL-compatible model
Tcl infoin MySQL-compatible model
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresyes infouser defined functions and integration of map-reducenoTransact SQL, .NET languages, R, Python and (with SQL Server 2019) JavaPL/SQL in oracle-compatible mode, MySQL Stored Procedure in mysql-compatible mode
Triggersnoyesyesyesno
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingSharding infono "single point of failure"tables can be distributed across several files (horizontal partitioning); sharding through federationhorizontal partitioning (by hash, key, range, range columns, list, and list columns)Sharding
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesselectable replication factorselectable replication factor infoRepresentation of geographical distribution of servers is possibleyes, but depending on the SQL-Server EditionMulti-source replication using PaxosSource-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyes infoquery execution via MapReduceyesnono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemEventual ConsistencyEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency infocan be individually decided for each write operation
Immediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynonoyesyesno
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datanono infoAtomicity and isolation are supported for single operationsACIDACIDno
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.nonoyes
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users, groups and roles infobased on Apache Sentry and KerberosAccess rights for users can be defined per objectfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAccess rights for users, groups and roles according to SQL-standardAccess rights for users and roles
More information provided by the system vendor
Apache ImpalaCassandraMicrosoft SQL ServerOceanBaseToroDB
Specific characteristicsApache Cassandra is the leading NoSQL, distributed database management system, well...
» more
OceanBase Database is the world’s only native distributed database that has set new...
» more
Competitive advantagesNo single point of failure ensures 100% availability . Operational simplicity for...
» more
High Availability : The five IDCs across three sites disaster recovery solution sets...
» more
Typical application scenariosInternet of Things (IOT), fraud detection applications, recommendation engines, product...
» more
Key customersApple, Netflix, Uber, ING,, Intuit,Fidelity, NY Times, Outbrain, BazaarVoice, Best...
» more
OceanBase Database has helped over 400 customers across industries upgrade their...
» more
Market metricsCassandra is used by 40% of the Fortune 100.
» more
TPC-C No.1 Performance , achieved a result of 707.35 million tpmC in the TPC-C benchmark...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsApache license  Pricing for commercial distributions provided by DataStax and available...
» more
Mulan PubL v2 license for open source community edition. Commercial license for enterprise...
» more
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