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DBMS > BoltDB vs. CrateDB vs. GraphDB vs. LevelDB vs. RDF4J

System Properties Comparison BoltDB vs. CrateDB vs. GraphDB vs. LevelDB vs. RDF4J

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameBoltDB  Xexclude from comparisonCrateDB  Xexclude from comparisonGraphDB infoformer name: OWLIM  Xexclude from comparisonLevelDB  Xexclude from comparisonRDF4J infoformerly known as Sesame  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionAn embedded key-value store for Go.Distributed Database based on LuceneEnterprise-ready RDF and graph database with efficient reasoning, cluster and external index synchronization support. It supports also SQL JDBC access to Knowledge Graph and GraphQL over SPARQL.Embeddable fast key-value storage library that provides an ordered mapping from string keys to string valuesRDF4J is a Java framework for processing RDF data, supporting both memory-based and a disk-based storage.
Primary database modelKey-value storeDocument store
Spatial DBMS
Search engine
Time Series DBMS
Vector DBMS
Graph DBMS
RDF store
Key-value storeRDF store
Secondary database modelsRelational DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score0.76
Rank#224  Overall
#32  Key-value stores
Score0.73
Rank#229  Overall
#37  Document stores
#5  Spatial DBMS
#16  Search engines
#19  Time Series DBMS
#8  Vector DBMS
Score3.10
Rank#100  Overall
#7  Graph DBMS
#4  RDF stores
Score2.75
Rank#107  Overall
#19  Key-value stores
Score0.71
Rank#231  Overall
#9  RDF stores
Websitegithub.com/­boltdb/­boltcratedb.comwww.ontotext.comgithub.com/­google/­leveldbrdf4j.org
Technical documentationcratedb.com/­docsgraphdb.ontotext.com/­documentationgithub.com/­google/­leveldb/­blob/­main/­doc/­index.mdrdf4j.org/­documentation
Social network pagesLinkedInTwitterYouTubeGitHubMedium
DeveloperCrateOntotextGoogleSince 2016 officially forked into an Eclipse project, former developer was Aduna Software.
Initial release20132013200020112004
Current release10.4, October 20231.23, February 2021
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoMIT LicenseOpen Sourcecommercial infoSome plugins of GraphDB Workbench are open sourcedOpen Source infoBSDOpen Source infoEclipse Distribution License (EDL), v1.0.
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
CrateDB Cloud: a distributed SQL database that spreads data and processing across an elastic cluster of shared nothing nodes. CrateDB Cloud enables data insights at scale on Microsoft Azure, AWS and Google Cloud Platform.
Implementation languageGoJavaJavaC++Java
Server operating systemsBSD
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
All Operating Systems, including Kubernetes with CrateDB Kubernetes Operator supportAll OS with a Java VM
Linux
OS X
Windows
Illumos
Linux
OS X
Windows
Linux
OS X
Unix
Windows
Data schemeschema-freeFlexible Schema (defined schema, partial schema, schema free)schema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support; RDF shapesschema-freeyes infoRDF Schemas
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or datenoyesyesnoyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nononono
Secondary indexesnoyesyes, supports real-time synchronization and indexing in SOLR/Elastic search/Lucene and GeoSPARQL geometry data indexesnoyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLnoyes, but no triggers and constraints, and PostgreSQL compatibilitystored SPARQL accessed as SQL using Apache Calcite through JDBC/ODBCnono
APIs and other access methodsADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
PostgreSQL wire protocol
Prometheus Remote Read/Write
RESTful HTTP API
GeoSPARQL
GraphQL
GraphQL Federation
Java API
JDBC
RDF4J API
RDFS
RIO
Sail API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SPARQL 1.1
Java API
RIO infoRDF Input/Output
Sail API
SeRQL infoSesame RDF Query Language
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SPARQL
Supported programming languagesGo.NET
Erlang
Go infocommunity maintained client
Java
JavaScript (Node.js) infocommunity maintained client
Perl infocommunity maintained client
PHP
Python
R
Ruby infocommunity maintained client
Scala infocommunity maintained client
.Net
C#
Clojure
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
C++
Go
Java info3rd party binding
JavaScript (Node.js) info3rd party binding
Python info3rd party binding
Java
PHP
Python
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnouser defined functions (Javascript)well-defined plugin interfaces; JavaScript server-side extensibilitynoyes
Triggersnonononoyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnoneShardingnonenonenone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesnoneConfigurable replication on table/partition-levelMulti-source replicationnonenone
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnonononono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemnoneEventual Consistency
Read-after-write consistency on record level
Immediate Consistency, Eventual consistency (configurable in cluster mode per master or individual client request)Immediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynonoyes infoConstraint checkingno
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datayesno infounique row identifiers can be used for implementing an optimistic concurrency control strategyACIDnoACID infoIsolation support depends on the API used
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyes infowith automatic compression on writesyes infoin-memory storage is supported as well
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.nono
User concepts infoAccess controlnorights management via user accountsDefault Basic authentication through RDF4J client, or via Java when run with cURL, default token-based in the Workbench or via Rest API, optional access through OpenID or Kerberos single sign-on.nono
More information provided by the system vendor
BoltDBCrateDBGraphDB infoformer name: OWLIMLevelDBRDF4J infoformerly known as Sesame
Specific characteristicsThe enterprise database for time series, documents, and vectors. Distributed - Native...
» more
Ontotext GraphDB is a semantic database engine that allows organizations to build...
» more
Competitive advantagesResponse time in milliseconds: e ven for complex ad-hoc queries. Massive scaling...
» more
GraphDB allows you to link text and data in big knowledge graphs. It’s easy to experiment...
» more
Typical application scenarios​ IoT: accelerate your IIoT projects with CrateDB, delivering real-time analytics...
» more
Metadata enrichment and management, linked data publishing, semantic inferencing...
» more
Key customersAcross all continents, CrateDB is used by companies of all sizes to meet the most...
» more
​ GraphDB provides a platform for building next-generation AI and Knowledge Graph...
» more
Market metricsThe CrateDB open source project was started in 2013 Honorable Mention in 2021 Gartner®...
» more
GraphDB is the most utilized semantic triplestore for mission-critical enterprise...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsSee CrateDB pricing >
» more
GraphDB Free is a non-commercial version and is free to use. GraphDB Enterprise edition...
» more
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