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DBMS > Apache Druid vs. Google Cloud Spanner vs. H2 vs. PostgreSQL

System Properties Comparison Apache Druid vs. Google Cloud Spanner vs. H2 vs. PostgreSQL

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameApache Druid  Xexclude from comparisonGoogle Cloud Spanner  Xexclude from comparisonH2  Xexclude from comparisonPostgreSQL  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionOpen-source analytics data store designed for sub-second OLAP queries on high dimensionality and high cardinality dataA horizontally scalable, globally consistent, relational database service. It is the externalization of the core Google database that runs the biggest aspects of Google, like Ads and Google Play.Full-featured RDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into a Java application or used as a database server.Widely used open source RDBMS infoDeveloped as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQL
Primary database modelRelational DBMS
Time Series DBMS
Relational DBMSRelational DBMSRelational DBMS infowith object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.
Secondary database modelsSpatial DBMSDocument store
Graph DBMS infowith Apache Age
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS infowith pgvector extension
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score3.29
Rank#95  Overall
#49  Relational DBMS
#7  Time Series DBMS
Score2.89
Rank#105  Overall
#53  Relational DBMS
Score8.22
Rank#50  Overall
#32  Relational DBMS
Score645.05
Rank#4  Overall
#4  Relational DBMS
Websitedruid.apache.orgcloud.google.com/­spannerwww.h2database.comwww.postgresql.org
Technical documentationdruid.apache.org/­docs/­latest/­designcloud.google.com/­spanner/­docswww.h2database.com/­html/­main.htmlwww.postgresql.org/­docs
DeveloperApache Software Foundation and contributorsGoogleThomas MuellerPostgreSQL Global Development Group infowww.postgresql.org/­developer
Initial release2012201720051989 info1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL
Current release29.0.1, April 20242.2.220, July 202316.2, February 2024
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache license v2commercialOpen Source infodual-licence (Mozilla public license, Eclipse public license)Open Source infoBSD
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenoyesnono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageJavaJavaC
Server operating systemsLinux
OS X
Unix
hostedAll OS with a Java VMFreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows
Data schemeyes infoschema-less columns are supportedyesyesyes
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nononoyes infospecific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.
Secondary indexesyesyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL for queryingyes infoQuery statements complying to ANSI 2011yesyes infostandard with numerous extensions
APIs and other access methodsJDBC
RESTful HTTP/JSON API
gRPC (using protocol buffers) API
JDBC infoAt present, JDBC supports read-only queries. No support for DDL or DML statements.
RESTful HTTP API
JDBC
ODBC
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
Supported programming languagesClojure
JavaScript
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Scala
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
Java.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java infoJDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnonoJava Stored Procedures and User-Defined Functionsuser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.
Triggersnonoyesyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesSharding infomanual/auto, time-basedShardingnonepartitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hash
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesyes, via HDFS, S3 or other storage enginesMulti-source replication with 3 replicas for regional instances.With clustering: 2 database servers on different computers operate on identical copies of a databaseSource-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensions
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnoyes infousing Google Cloud Dataflownono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynoyes infoby using interleaved tables, this features focuses more on performance improvements than on referential integrityyesyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datanoACID infoStrict serializable isolationACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.nonoyesno
User concepts infoAccess controlRBAC using LDAP or Druid internals for users and groups for read/write by datasource and systemAccess rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)fine grained access rights according to SQL-standardfine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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More resources
Apache DruidGoogle Cloud SpannerH2PostgreSQL
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