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DBMS > Apache Drill vs. Cassandra vs. Neo4j vs. Virtuoso

System Properties Comparison Apache Drill vs. Cassandra vs. Neo4j vs. Virtuoso

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameApache Drill  Xexclude from comparisonCassandra  Xexclude from comparisonNeo4j  Xexclude from comparisonVirtuoso  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionSchema-free SQL Query Engine for Hadoop, NoSQL and Cloud StorageWide-column store based on ideas of BigTable and DynamoDB infoOptimized for write accessScalable, ACID-compliant graph database designed with a high-performance distributed cluster architecture, available in self-hosted and cloud offeringsVirtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphs
Primary database modelDocument store
Relational DBMS
Wide column storeGraph DBMSDocument store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine
Secondary database modelsVector DBMS infostarting with release V5Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score2.28
Rank#119  Overall
#23  Document stores
#56  Relational DBMS
Score103.86
Rank#12  Overall
#1  Wide column stores
Score44.47
Rank#23  Overall
#1  Graph DBMS
Score4.20
Rank#83  Overall
#14  Document stores
#4  Graph DBMS
#2  Native XML DBMS
#45  Relational DBMS
#2  RDF stores
#9  Search engines
Websitedrill.apache.orgcassandra.apache.orgneo4j.comvirtuoso.openlinksw.com
Technical documentationdrill.apache.org/­docscassandra.apache.org/­doc/­latestneo4j.com/­docsdocs.openlinksw.com/­virtuoso
DeveloperApache Software FoundationApache Software Foundation infoApache top level project, originally developped by FacebookNeo4j, Inc.OpenLink Software
Initial release2012200820071998
Current release1.20.3, January 20234.1.3, July 20235.18.1, March 20247.2.11, September 2023
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache Version 2Open Source infoApache version 2Open Source infoGPL version3, commercial licenses availableOpen Source infoGPLv2, extended commercial license available
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Astra DB: Multi-cloud DBaaS built on Apache Cassandra.Neo4j Aura: Neo4j’s fully managed cloud service: The zero-admin, always-on graph database for cloud developers.
Implementation languageJavaJava, ScalaC
Server operating systemsLinux
OS X
Windows
BSD
Linux
OS X
Windows
Linux infoCan also be used server-less as embedded Java database.
OS X
Solaris
Windows
AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
Data schemeschema-freeschema-freeschema-free and schema-optionalyes infoSQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyes
Secondary indexesnorestricted infoonly equality queries, not always the best performing solutionyes infopluggable indexing subsystem, by default Apache Luceneyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL SELECT statement is SQL:2003 compliantSQL-like SELECT, DML and DDL statements (CQL)noyes infoSQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLX
APIs and other access methodsJDBC
ODBC
RESTful HTTP API
Proprietary protocol infoCQL (Cassandra Query Language, an SQL-like language)
Thrift
Bolt protocol
Cypher query language
Java API
Neo4j-OGM infoObject Graph Mapper
RESTful HTTP API
Spring Data Neo4j
TinkerPop 3
ADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT
Supported programming languagesC++C#
C++
Clojure
Erlang
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
.Net
Clojure
Elixir
Go
Groovy
Haskell
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresuser defined functionsnoyes infoUser defined Procedures and Functionsyes infoVirtuoso PL
Triggersnoyesyes infovia event handleryes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingSharding infono "single point of failure"yes using Neo4j Fabricyes
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesselectable replication factor infoRepresentation of geographical distribution of servers is possibleCausal Clustering using Raft protocol infoavailable in in Enterprise Version onlyChain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyesyesnoyes
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemnoneEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency infocan be individually decided for each write operation
Causal and Eventual Consistency configurable in Causal Cluster setup
Immediate Consistency in stand-alone mode
Immediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynonoyes infoRelationships in graphsyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datanono infoAtomicity and isolation are supported for single operationsACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentDepending on the underlying data sourceyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.Depending on the underlying data sourcenoyes
User concepts infoAccess controlDepending on the underlying data sourceAccess rights for users can be defined per objectUsers, roles and permissions. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)Fine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)
More information provided by the system vendor
Apache DrillCassandraNeo4jVirtuoso
Specific characteristicsApache Cassandra is the leading NoSQL, distributed database management system, well...
» more
Neo4j delivers graph technology that has been battle tested for performance and scale...
» more
Virtuoso is a modern multi-model RDBMS for managing data represented as tabular relations...
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Competitive advantagesNo single point of failure ensures 100% availability . Operational simplicity for...
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Neo4j is the market leader, graph database category creator, and the most widely...
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Performance & Scale — as exemplified by DBpedia and the LOD Cloud it spawned, i.e.,...
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Typical application scenariosInternet of Things (IOT), fraud detection applications, recommendation engines, product...
» more
Real-Time Recommendations Master Data Management Identity and Access Management Network...
» more
Used for — Analytics/BI Conceptual Data Virtualization Enterprise Knowledge Graphs...
» more
Key customersApple, Netflix, Uber, ING,, Intuit,Fidelity, NY Times, Outbrain, BazaarVoice, Best...
» more
Over 800 commercial customers and over 4300 startups use Neo4j. Flagship customers...
» more
Broad use across enterprises and governments including — European Union (EU) US Government...
» more
Market metricsCassandra is used by 40% of the Fortune 100.
» more
Neo4j boasts the world's largest graph database ecosystem with more than 140 million...
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Largest installed-base ​of Multi-Model RDBMS for AI-friendly Knowledge Graphs Platform...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsApache license  Pricing for commercial distributions provided by DataStax and available...
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GPL v3 license that can be used all the places where you might use MySQL. Neo4j Commercial...
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Available in both Commercial Enterprise and Open Source (GPL v2) Editions Feature...
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