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DBMS > Amazon Redshift vs. Apache Impala vs. Hive vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer vs. Oracle

System Properties Comparison Amazon Redshift vs. Apache Impala vs. Hive vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer vs. Oracle

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameAmazon Redshift  Xexclude from comparisonApache Impala  Xexclude from comparisonHive  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure Data Explorer  Xexclude from comparisonOracle  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionLarge scale data warehouse service for use with business intelligence toolsAnalytic DBMS for Hadoopdata warehouse software for querying and managing large distributed datasets, built on HadoopFully managed big data interactive analytics platformWidely used RDBMS
Primary database modelRelational DBMSRelational DBMSRelational DBMSRelational DBMS infocolumn orientedRelational DBMS
Secondary database modelsDocument storeDocument store infoIf a column is of type dynamic docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­scalar-data-types/­dynamic then it's possible to add arbitrary JSON documents in this cell
Event Store infothis is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)
Spatial DBMS
Search engine infosupport for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engine
Time Series DBMS infosee docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­data-explorer/­time-series-analysis
Document store
Graph DBMS infowith Oracle Spatial and Graph
RDF store infowith Oracle Spatial and Graph
Spatial DBMS infowith Oracle Spatial and Graph
Vector DBMS infosince Oracle 23
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score20.63
Rank#33  Overall
#20  Relational DBMS
Score15.06
Rank#39  Overall
#24  Relational DBMS
Score64.82
Rank#18  Overall
#12  Relational DBMS
Score5.82
Rank#65  Overall
#37  Relational DBMS
Score1221.06
Rank#1  Overall
#1  Relational DBMS
Websiteaws.amazon.com/­redshiftimpala.apache.orghive.apache.orgazure.microsoft.com/­services/­data-explorerwww.oracle.com/­database
Technical documentationdocs.aws.amazon.com/­redshiftimpala.apache.org/­impala-docs.htmlcwiki.apache.org/­confluence/­display/­Hive/­Homedocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­data-explorerdocs.oracle.com/­en/­database
DeveloperAmazon (based on PostgreSQL)Apache Software Foundation infoApache top-level project, originally developed by ClouderaApache Software Foundation infoinitially developed by FacebookMicrosoftOracle
Initial release20122013201220191980
Current release4.1.0, June 20223.1.3, April 2022cloud service with continuous releases23c, September 2023
License infoCommercial or Open SourcecommercialOpen Source infoApache Version 2Open Source infoApache Version 2commercialcommercial inforestricted free version is available
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud serviceyesnonoyesno
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageCC++JavaC and C++
Server operating systemshostedLinuxAll OS with a Java VMhostedAIX
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
z/OS
Data schemeyesyesyesFixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic)yes infoSchemaless in JSON and XML columns
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyes infobool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­scalar-data-typesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyesyes
Secondary indexesrestrictedyesyesall fields are automatically indexedyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLyes infodoes not fully support an SQL-standardSQL-like DML and DDL statementsSQL-like DML and DDL statementsKusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subsetyes infowith proprietary extensions
APIs and other access methodsJDBC
ODBC
JDBC
ODBC
JDBC
ODBC
Thrift
Microsoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS)
RESTful HTTP API
JDBC
ODBC
ODP.NET
Oracle Call Interface (OCI)
Supported programming languagesAll languages supporting JDBC/ODBCAll languages supporting JDBC/ODBCC++
Java
PHP
Python
.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PowerShell
Python
R
C
C#
C++
Clojure
Cobol
Delphi
Eiffel
Erlang
Fortran
Groovy
Haskell
Java
JavaScript
Lisp
Objective C
OCaml
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Scala
Tcl
Visual Basic
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresuser defined functions infoin Pythonyes infouser defined functions and integration of map-reduceyes infouser defined functions and integration of map-reduceYes, possible languages: KQL, Python, RPL/SQL infoalso stored procedures in Java possible
Triggersnononoyes infosee docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­management/­updatepolicyyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingShardingShardingSharding infoImplicit feature of the cloud serviceSharding, horizontal partitioning
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesyesselectable replication factorselectable replication factoryes infoImplicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant.Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnoyes infoquery execution via MapReduceyes infoquery execution via MapReduceSpark connector (open source): github.com/­Azure/­azure-kusto-sparkno infocan be realized in PL/SQL
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyEventual ConsistencyEventual ConsistencyEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyes infoinformational only, not enforced by the systemnononoyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDnononoACID infoisolation level can be parameterized
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.yesnonoyes infoVersion 12c introduced the new option 'Oracle Database In-Memory'
User concepts infoAccess controlfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAccess rights for users, groups and roles infobased on Apache Sentry and KerberosAccess rights for users, groups and rolesAzure Active Directory Authenticationfine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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More resources
Amazon RedshiftApache ImpalaHiveMicrosoft Azure Data ExplorerOracle
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