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DBMS > Amazon Neptune vs. Citus vs. GraphDB vs. Kdb vs. Stardog

System Properties Comparison Amazon Neptune vs. Citus vs. GraphDB vs. Kdb vs. Stardog

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameAmazon Neptune  Xexclude from comparisonCitus  Xexclude from comparisonGraphDB infoformer name: OWLIM  Xexclude from comparisonKdb  Xexclude from comparisonStardog  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionFast, reliable graph database built for the cloudScalable hybrid operational and analytics RDBMS for big data use cases based on PostgreSQLEnterprise-ready RDF and graph database with efficient reasoning, cluster and external index synchronization support. It supports also SQL JDBC access to Knowledge Graph and GraphQL over SPARQL.High performance Time Series DBMSEnterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualization
Primary database modelGraph DBMS
RDF store
Relational DBMSGraph DBMS
RDF store
Time Series DBMS
Vector DBMS
Graph DBMS
RDF store
Secondary database modelsDocument storeRelational DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score2.58
Rank#112  Overall
#9  Graph DBMS
#5  RDF stores
Score2.15
Rank#123  Overall
#60  Relational DBMS
Score3.10
Rank#100  Overall
#7  Graph DBMS
#4  RDF stores
Score7.70
Rank#53  Overall
#3  Time Series DBMS
#1  Vector DBMS
Score2.05
Rank#129  Overall
#11  Graph DBMS
#6  RDF stores
Websiteaws.amazon.com/­neptunewww.citusdata.comwww.ontotext.comkx.comwww.stardog.com
Technical documentationaws.amazon.com/­neptune/­developer-resourcesdocs.citusdata.comgraphdb.ontotext.com/­documentationcode.kx.comdocs.stardog.com
Social network pagesLinkedInTwitterYouTubeGitHubMedium
DeveloperAmazonOntotextKx Systems, a division of First Derivatives plcStardog-Union
Initial release2017201020002000 infokdb was released 2000, kdb+ in 20032010
Current release8.1, December 201810.4, October 20233.6, May 20187.3.0, May 2020
License infoCommercial or Open SourcecommercialOpen Source infoAGPL, commercial license also availablecommercial infoSome plugins of GraphDB Workbench are open sourcedcommercial infofree 32-bit versioncommercial info60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/students
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud serviceyesnononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageCJavaqJava
Server operating systemshostedLinuxAll OS with a Java VM
Linux
OS X
Windows
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
Linux
macOS
Windows
Data schemeschema-freeyesschema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support; RDF shapesyesschema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.noyes infospecific XML type available, but no XML query functionalitynoyesno infoImport/export of XML data possible
Secondary indexesnoyesyes, supports real-time synchronization and indexing in SOLR/Elastic search/Lucene and GeoSPARQL geometry data indexesyes infotable attribute 'grouped'yes infosupports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatial
SQL infoSupport of SQLnoyes infostandard, with numerous extensionsstored SPARQL accessed as SQL using Apache Calcite through JDBC/ODBCSQL-like query language (q)Yes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Server
APIs and other access methodsOpenCypher
RDF 1.1 / SPARQL 1.1
TinkerPop Gremlin
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
GeoSPARQL
GraphQL
GraphQL Federation
Java API
JDBC
RDF4J API
RDFS
RIO
Sail API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SPARQL 1.1
HTTP API
JDBC
Jupyter
Kafka
ODBC
WebSocket
GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3
Supported programming languagesC#
Go
Java
JavaScript
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
.Net
C#
Clojure
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
C
C#
C++
Go
J
Java
JavaScript
Lua
MatLab
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Scala
.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnouser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.well-defined plugin interfaces; JavaScript server-side extensibilityuser defined functionsuser defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Java
Triggersnoyesnoyes infowith viewsyes infovia event handlers
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnoneShardingnonehorizontal partitioningnone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesMulti-availability zones high availability, asynchronous replication for up to 15 read replicas within a single region. Global database clusters consists of a primary write DB cluster in one region, and up to five secondary read DB clusters in different regions. Each secondary region can have up to 16 reader instances.Source-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensionsMulti-source replicationSource-replica replicationMulti-source replication in HA-Cluster
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnononono infosimilar paradigm used for internal processingno
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency, Eventual consistency (configurable in cluster mode per master or individual client request)Immediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency in HA-Cluster
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyes infoRelationships in graphsyesyes infoConstraint checkingyesyes inforelationships in graphs
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACIDACIDnoACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyes infowith encyption-at-restyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyesyes
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users and roles can be defined via the AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)fine grained access rights according to SQL-standardDefault Basic authentication through RDF4J client, or via Java when run with cURL, default token-based in the Workbench or via Rest API, optional access through OpenID or Kerberos single sign-on.rights management via user accountsAccess rights for users and roles
More information provided by the system vendor
Amazon NeptuneCitusGraphDB infoformer name: OWLIMKdbStardog
Specific characteristicsOntotext GraphDB is a semantic database engine that allows organizations to build...
» more
Integrated columnar database & programming system for streaming, real time and historical...
» more
Competitive advantagesGraphDB allows you to link text and data in big knowledge graphs. It’s easy to experiment...
» more
provides seamless scalability; runs on industry standard server platforms; is top-ranked...
» more
Typical application scenariosMetadata enrichment and management, linked data publishing, semantic inferencing...
» more
tick database streaming sensor data massive intelligence applications oil and gas...
» more
Key customers​ GraphDB provides a platform for building next-generation AI and Knowledge Graph...
» more
Goldman Sachs Morgan Stanley Merrill Lynch J.P. Morgan Deutsche Bank IEX Securities...
» more
Market metricsGraphDB is the most utilized semantic triplestore for mission-critical enterprise...
» more
kdb+ performance and reliability proven by our customers in critical infrastructure...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsGraphDB Free is a non-commercial version and is free to use. GraphDB Enterprise edition...
» more
upon request
» more
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