this is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)
Spatial DBMS
Search engine

support for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engine
Time Series DBMS

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer/time-series-analysis

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	1.00
Rank	#194	Overall
	#91	Relational DBMS

Score	0.32
Rank	#288	Overall
	#25	Time Series DBMS

Score	5.16
Rank	#69	Overall
	#37	Relational DBMS

Score	88.71
Rank	#14	Overall
	#2	Search engines

Website

altibase.com

axibase.com/docs/atsd/finance

azure.microsoft.com/services/data-explorer

www.splunk.com

Technical documentation

github.com/ALTIBASE/Documents/tree/master/Manuals

docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer

docs.splunk.com/Documentation/Splunk

Developer

Altibase

Axibase Corporation

Microsoft

Splunk Inc.

Initial release

1999

2013

2019

2003

Current release

v7.3, 2023, August 2023

15585

cloud service with continuous releases

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

Open source edition discontinued with March 2023

commercial

Community Edition (single node) is free, Enterprise Edition (distributed) is paid

commercial

Limited free edition and free developer edition available

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++

Java

Server operating systems

AIX
HP-UX
Linux

Linux

hosted

Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows

Data scheme

yes

Fixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic)

yes

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

short, integer, long, float, double, decimal, string

yes

bool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/scalar-data-types

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

all fields are automatically indexed

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

ANSI SQL-92

SQL-like query language

Kusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subset

Splunk Search Processing Language for search commands

APIs and other access methods

JDBC
ODBC
Proprietary protocol

JDBC
Proprietary protocol (Network API)
RESTful HTTP API

Microsoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS)
RESTful HTTP API

HTTP REST

Supported programming languages

C
C++
Java

Go
Java
PHP
Python
R
Ruby

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PowerShell
Python
R

C#
Java
JavaScript
PHP
Python
Ruby

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

stored procedures and stored functions

yes

Yes, possible languages: KQL, Python, R

yes

Triggers

yes

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/management/updatepolicy

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

Implicit feature of the cloud service

Sharding

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

yes

Source-replica replication

yes

Implicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant.

Multi-source replication

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

yes

Spark connector (open source): github.com/Azure/azure-kusto-spark

yes

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Eventual Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

A 'Transaction' in Splunk has a different meaning: grouping related events into a single one for later searching

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

Azure Active Directory Authentication

Access rights for users and roles

More information provided by the system vendor

We invite representatives of system vendors to contact us for updating and extending the system information,
and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.

Related products and services

We invite representatives of vendors of related products to contact us for presenting information about their offerings here.

More resources

DB-Engines blog posts

Enterprise Search Engines almost double their popularity in the last 12 months
2 July 2014, Paul Andlinger

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