DBMS > 4D vs. Immudb vs. LevelDB vs. Microsoft SQL Server

System Properties Comparison 4D vs. Immudb vs. LevelDB vs. Microsoft SQL Server

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Application development environment with integrated database management system

An open source immutable (append-only) database with cryptographic verification which makes it tamper-resistant and fully auditable.

Embeddable fast key-value storage library that provides an ordered mapping from string keys to string values

Microsofts flagship relational DBMS

Primary database model

Relational DBMS

Key-value store

Relational DBMS

Secondary database models

Relational DBMS

Document store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	2.68
Rank	#110	Overall
	#54	Relational DBMS

Score	0.25
Rank	#307	Overall
	#43	Key-value stores

Score	2.75
Rank	#107	Overall
	#19	Key-value stores

Score	829.80
Rank	#3	Overall
	#3	Relational DBMS

Website

www.4d.com

github.com/codenotary/immudb
immudb.io

github.com/google/leveldb

www.microsoft.com/en-us/sql-server

Technical documentation

developer.4d.com

docs.immudb.io

github.com/google/leveldb/blob/main/doc/index.md

learn.microsoft.com/en-US/sql/sql-server

Developer

4D, Inc

Codenotary

Google

Microsoft

Initial release

1984

2020

2011

1989

Current release

v20, April 2023

1.2.3, April 2022

1.23, February 2021

SQL Server 2022, November 2022

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

Open Source

BSD

commercial

restricted free version is available

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

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Implementation language

C++

Server operating systems

OS X
Windows

BSD
Linux
macOS
Solaris
Windows
z/OS

Illumos
Linux
OS X
Windows

Linux
Windows

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

yes

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

close to SQL 92

SQL-like syntax

yes

APIs and other access methods

ODBC
RESTful HTTP API

by using 4D Mobile
SOAP webservices

gRPC protocol
PostgreSQL wire protocol

ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
OLE DB
Tabular Data Stream (TDS)

Supported programming languages

4D proprietary IDE
PHP

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python

C++
Go
Java

3rd party binding
JavaScript (Node.js)

3rd party binding
Python

3rd party binding

C#
C++
Delphi
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Visual Basic

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

Transact SQL, .NET languages, R, Python and (with SQL Server 2019) Java

Triggers

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

none

Sharding

none

tables can be distributed across several files (horizontal partitioning); sharding through federation

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Multi-source replication

none

yes, but depending on the SQL-Server Edition

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

with automatic compression on writes

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Users and groups

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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